PSYC 107 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Piaget’s Four Stages Continueda. Self Recognition b. Concrete Operationsc. Formal OperationalII. Kohlberg’s Moral Development Theoryi. Pre – Conventional ii. Conventional iii. Post – Conventional b. Heinz’ DilemmaOutline of Current Lecture I. Erickson’s Theoriesa. Trust & Mistrustb. Autonomy versus Shame and Guiltc. Initiative versus Guiltd. Industry versus Inferioritye. Identity versus Role Confusionf. Intimacy versus Isolationg. Generality versus Stagnationh. Integrity versus DespairII. Nervous Systema. Biological Psychology and Geneticsi. Neurons – incredibly awesome cells, send thousands upon thousands of signals per cell per second. III. Action PotentialsIV. Self PropagationV. Communication between Neuronsi. EPSP – excitatory postsynaptic potential (+ potential in) closer to threshold and more likely to fire. ii. IPSP – inhibitory postsynaptic potential (- potential in) more likely to fire because it is farther away from threshold. Current LectureI. Erickson’s Theoriesa. Trust & Mistrusti. Extremely fundamental, the infant is trying to determine whether the world is full of good, trustworthy people, or people who are not to be trusted. b. Autonomy versus Shame and Guilti. Children feel like they can independently explore the world or like a worthless piece of crap. c. Initiative versus Guilti. Maybe around ages 3 or 4, children start to feel a slight sense of importance like they are helpful and responsible, also start to develop guilty feelings for misdeeds. d. Industry versus Inferiorityi. 7 to 12 years, kids either start to work well with others or not. Confidence relative to others starts to emerge, kids start to realize that they are better at some stuff than others. e. Identity versus Role Confusioni. Who are you? What are your goals? What do you stand for? Some college kids may well still be in this stage. 13 to 19 years of age. f. Intimacy versus Isolationi. Serious long term, intimate relationships where you and another person feel like you are in something together, something concrete that will last. (High school sweethearts can be very rare because this starts in the late teens and more often the early twenties.)g. Generality versus Stagnationi. Midlife, what is your lasting legacy on this world? Did you make animpact? What are you going to leave behind?h. Integrity versus Despairi. Old age, did you leave a lasting legacy or was your life a waste?II. Nervous Systema. Biological Psychology and Geneticsi. Glial Cells – glue, support, guide and cement neurons into place, guide growth and maintain a stable chemical environment for the brain and for the body. ii. Neurons – incredibly awesome cells, send thousands upon thousands of signals per cell per second. 1. Dendrites detect signals from axons of other neurons. 2. Axons send signals away from neurons to other cells. 3. Synapses – medium of communication, this is the thin space between neurons and cells. 4. Myelin Sheath – insulation across neurons. III. Action Potentialsa. When these are at rest, the neuron is polarized. b. Can create a change depending on the environment.c. Outside there is a slight positive charge, and outside there is a slight negative charge. i. Membrane is selectively permeable. 1. Some things get in and some things do not. 2. If a neuron gets de polarized enough it reaches threshold, allowing the neuron to “fire.”IV. Self Propagationa. No additional energy necessary.b. Once it starts it does not stop.c. Very very very FAST. d. Refractory or “rest” period. V. Communication between Neuronsa. Microscopic space = synapseb. Signals occur across synapsesc. Other cells speaking to your cellsd. Neurotransmitters (chemicals) are released from vesicles to carry signals from pre synapses to post synapses. i. EPSP – excitatory postsynaptic potential (+ potential in) closer to threshold and more likely to fire. ii. IPSP – inhibitory postsynaptic potential (- potential in) more likely to fire because it is farther away from
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