PSYC 107 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 19 - 28Lecture 19 (October 18)What is intelligence? Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, to think, to solve problems and to adapt to new situations. Not just enough to know about things, you need to be able to use the things you learn in every day life as well. Explain the Triarchic theory? There are three components to this theory. Analytic refers to the ability to solve problems, more applicable to things like school. Creative refers more to writing, composing, painting and writing novels. The practical component refers to the idea of street smarts, things that help in the everyday world. What are the key ingredients to creativity? There are five key ingredients to creativity. Expertise means that you have to have some grasp of what you are doing, you have to have some knowledge about it. Imagination is also important because you need to be able to see things in a new way. Creative people also need to be risk takers because there is no reward without a little bit of risk. An interest in the subject is also important and finally an environment that is conducive to creative growth is imperative. Lecture 20 (October 21)What is Validity?  Validity is the degree to which test measures what it is supposed to measure. It depends on how the test is used. In other words a math test cannot measure the personality of someone. Contentof the test is also important; does it test the material that it claimed it was going to cover? Criterion is also important and asks id the test relates to something it should.What is Language? Language is a system of communication that uses symbols in a regular way to create meaning. Complex, little, sounds. Phonemes are the littlest bits of sound. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning; they are the things that make a word. Words occur when morphemes cometogether. Syntax describes the rules of how words go together. Context matters to what our language means. Explain the phonological development process? After 2 days, babies are able to distinguish between foreign languages, after 6-8 weeks vowel sounds begin and after 7 months babbling of random words occur. Finally, after 1-3 years the utterances contain many errors, but they make much more sense. After this is morphological development, where by the late teens, most people have over 200,000 words in their vocabulary.Lecture 21 (October 23)What are Ingroups and Outgroups? Ingroups are the groups that we are a part of. Outgroups are the other stuff that is relevant to groups that you are a part of, like guys versus girls. Ingroup favoritism occurs when we tend to favor the people inour own social groups and circles. Outgroup homogeneity is when we tend to see people in groups unlike ours as all the same. What are Attitudes? Attitudes are evaluations of objects, events, or ideas; they are relatively enduring, but definitely changeable. They can be learned through experience and socialization, and can best predict behavior when they are stronger, more personally relevant, specific/correspondent to behavior, formed through direct experience and more easily accessible.What is Cognitive dissonance? This is a theory coined by Festinger. He said that people want consistency between attitudes and behavior and that when such a behavior is inconsistent, that creates dissonance. We become motivated to reduce dissonance since this is a very uncomfortable thing for people. Lecture 22 (October 25)What is the Self-perception theory? This explains the idea that people don’t always know what their attitudes are, so they look to their behavior and infer their attitudes from their actionsWhat is the elaboration likelihood model? We tend to focus on the peripheral things, depending on how important they are. Central route (high elaboration) and requires deeper thought and contemplation whereas the peripheral route is low elaboration and does not require a great deal of thoughts and/or pondering. Explain the differences between social facilitation and. social inhibitions? Social facilitation occurs in situations where being around other people actually makes us better. Social inhibition is the direct opposite and being around other people makes us worse. This can be explained with Zajon’s model that explains how certain situations progress to facilitation and inhibition. Lecture 23 (October 28)What is Conformity? Conformity is the altering of behavior or beliefs as a result of group pressure. There are several factors that affect conformity and they include situational ambiguity, which occurs when we don’t know what todo so we use what other people do to guide us. The amount of agreement in-group is also important because the more agreement the harder it is to go against the group. What is Compliance? Compliance occurs when you alter behavior because of a direct request from someone who does not have authority over you. One strategy to get compliance is the foot-in-the-door method, which is a small request first, larger request second (what you really want) The other is door-in-the-face which is alarge request first, smaller request second (what you really want) Finally, there is low balling, when one asks for verbal commitment; get agreement but not action, then “up the ante” by asking for something bigger What is the Triangular Love Theory?  Love is made up of passion, intimacy and commitment. Passion is the heat, intimacy is the warmth, and commitment is the cold calculation – the reasons why it is important to stay together that include finances and other rational life matters. Lecture 24 (October 30)What are the three theories of emotion? This is the idea that each emotion is the result of a specific physiological pattern. Emotion becomes conscious when the brain notices specific bodily changes. Reflexive peripheral responses precede the subjective experience of emotion. The Cannon-Bard theory refers to the fact that the mind and the bodyexperience emotions independently. Emotions can result from brain activity alone. Finally, the Schacter-Singer theory states that emotions are cognitive interpretations of physiological changes duringsome situation.What is Stress? Negative emotional, physiological, and behavioral processes that occur as individuals try to adjust to event. Eustress is positive stress, like having a child. Distress (a.k.a., duress) there is nothing good about it, it