PSYC 107 1st Edition Lecture #26 – Personality Theories and TraitsOutline of Last Lecture I. Emotional and Behavioral Theoriesa. Drive reduction theoryb. Arousal theoryi. People are motivated to behave in ways to maintain their optimal level of arousalc. Incentive Theoryi. People act to attain positive incentives and to avoid negative onesd. Goal Setting Theoryi. People strive to attain goalsII. Hungera. General state of wanting to eati. Satiety b. Sensory-specific satietyOutline of Current LectureI. Personalityi. Projective measuresii. Objective MeasuresTrait approachiii. Personality is the combination of stable dispositional tendencies to act in particular ways over time and across situationsII. Personality Theoriesa. Big Five Theory1. Openness to experience2. Conscientiousness3. Extraversion4. Agreeableness5. Neuroticismii. Personalities are relatively stable over time… yet they do changeIII. Situationism and InteractionismIV. Person/situation debateV. Social Cognitive ApproachVI. Rotter’s Expectancy Theoryi. Internal ii. External VII. BanduraLecture 26 NotesI. Personalitya. Unique pattern of characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively enduring in a person over time and across circumstancesi. Projective measures1. People tell stories about ambiguous items and these stories are judged for motives, unconscious conflicts, desires, etc.ii. Objective Measures1. Straightforward assessments of personality whereby people are directly asked about their personality (or the personality of the person of interest)b. Trait approachi. Personality is the combination of stable dispositional tendencies to act in particular ways over time and across situations1. Traits vs. typesa. Typesi. Try to classify people into distinct groupsb. Traitsi. People have the same characteristics in different amounts or at different levelsII. Personality Theoriesa. Big Five Theoryi. Five factor model1. Openness to experiencea. How willing you are to try new thingsb. Opposite - closemindedness2. Conscientiousnessa. Reliable and dependableb. Opposite - flaky3. Extraversiona. Opposite - introversion4. Agreeablenessa. How important group harmony isb. Opposite – don’t really care, if they like you they like you, if they don’t, they don’t. 5. Neuroticisma. Emotional instabilityb. Opposite – highly stablei. Mnemonic: OCEANii. Personalities are relatively stable over time… yet they do change1. Rank order of personality is particularly stable over timea. But—generally, people’s personalities do change as they agei. Less neurotic, extraverted, and open to newexperiencesii. More agreeable and conscientiousIII. Situationism and Interactionisma. Situationismi. Name to know: Mischelii. Behavior is determined more by situations than by personalityb. Interactionismi. Behavior is determined by situations and by personalityIV. Person/situation debatea. Strong situations vs. weak situationsi. Trait factors1. Centrality2. Aggregation3. TypeV. Social Cognitive Approacha. Individual characteristics are acquired through learningb. Much of personality is learned in social situations by interacting with and observing othersVI. Rotter’s Expectancy Theorya. We learn what to expect in a variety of situations and this guides our behaviorb. Locus of controli. Internal – if we do the effort it will pay offii. External – luck and fate have more control over our lives, not taking control of our own lives. VII. Banduraa. Cognition, behavior, and environment all play a role in shaping our
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