ARHI 2300 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 10-18Works of Art -For I.D.s, be able to look at the picture and know the title, culture, and date1. Parthenon, Greek Classical, 447-438 BCE The Parthenon highlights the role of the Athenians in Greek society—”first among equals.”Overall the message is the triumph of order over chaos.2. Pompey the Great, Roman Republican, 50 BCEPompey didn’t have an established lineage; he had this bust made to begin his own lineage assomeone great3. Augustus of Primaporta, Roman Imperial, 1st century CE copy of bronze original of ca. 20 BCE There are three primary messages in all of Augustus’s sculptures:i. Military prowess: authority gained in battle, physical powerii. Diplomatic action: authority gained through persuasion, power with wordsiii. Divine ancestry: authority from the gods and from Julius Caesar4. Arch of Titus, Roman Imperial, ca. 81 CEMade to commemorate Titus putting down a Jewish rebellion5. Spoils of Jerusalem from the Arch of Titus, Roman Imperial, ca. 81 CE Very high relief; the Romans are taking the spoils from Jerusalem to assert their victory6. The Triumph of Titus from the Arch of Titus, Roman Imperial, ca. 81 CEShows that the gods (Honos, god of honor, and Virus, god of virtue) are on Titus’ side7. Pantheon, Roman Imperial, 118 –125 CE Means “all the gods”- pan “all” and theos “gods”. It’s meant to honor all gods, not just Romanones. The Romans want to present themselves as a progressive and tolerant people. They didn’tmake Christians/monotheistic religions make offerings to Roman gods, and there was one openalter for other gods.8. Arch of Constantine, Roman Imperial, 312-315 CEConstantine had it made for himself to commemorate his victory at Milvian Bride overMaxentius9. Portrait of Constantine (Colossus ofConstantine), Roman Imperial, ca. 315-330 CE 10. Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, Early Christian,ca. 359 CEVery elaborate coffin; scenes carved from the Old Testament and the New Testament in highrelief11. Old Saint Peter’s, Early Christian, ca. 319 CE, model and plan We only have drawings, as it is no longer standing12. Hagia Sophia, Byzantine, 532-537 CEThe Hagia Sophia became a mosque for a while, and some of the Christian artwork was paintedover. The emperor was the only person allowed in the apse during mass to assist thepriests/bishops. He had the title of the “vicar of Christ” (Christ’s assistant on earth). The priesthad a greater role than the emperor; the emperor realized that he had competition, anddeclared himself as the “vicar” (says that he has the right to assist the priest duringcommunion)13. San Vitale, Byzantine, 526-547 CE14. Justinian and his Retinue from San Vitale, Byzantine, ca. 547 CEJustinian is the one in the middle. He is the only one with the halo (he is the vicar of Christ).Healso gets a crown that suggests his earthly rule; combines the earth and the state.15. Theodora and Her Court from San Vitale, Byzantine, ca. 547 CETheodora was Justinian’s wife, and one of his most trusted advisors. She became associatedwith wisdom (the three wise men are on her robe)16. Lindisfarne Gospels, Hiberno-Saxon, ca. 698-721 CEMade in the memory of Bishop Cuthbert. Gospels were arranged in a set order: Carpet page,initial page, evangelist page, and then the gospel for Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, in thatorderDiagramsApse- where the mass took place (where the judgewould have sat in a basilica).CrossingTransept- area that was lengthened to become a crossAisles-where people would sit or standNave/central vesselNarthex- like the portoco (porch)Atrium- courtyard area (leave secular world behind, prepare yourself for sacred place)(St. Peter’s Church)NarthexNaveApseAmbulatoryPresbytery/Sanctuary(San Vitale)Important Definitions1. Athena- the Goddess of Warfare and Wisdom; there was a sculpture of her outside of the Parthenon. She represented control over the elemental forces of nature and the human being, aka thinking things through and being disciplined2. Doric colums: No base, capital looks like a “D” on its side, takes a frieze w/ metopes and triglyphs (Used primarily on the Greek mainland). They generally feature Athenian heroes battling mythical creatures and triumphing over elemental forces3. Ionic column: base, capital w/volutes—takes continuous frieze (used on Ionian Greek islands)volutes- spirals that spiral inward (may look like an eye)4. Corinthian column: base, capital with acanthus leaves a symbol of victory, takes a continuous frieze 5. Panathenaic procession: held every four years in Athens (coincided with Olympics). At this event there was a parade and feast in honor of Athena. The Athenians made offerings to Athena for her continued protection.6. First triumvirate: Pompey, Julius Caesar and Crassus.7. Oratorical gesture- conveys the power of words (one arm outstretched)8. Caelus- Roman sky god (suggests he’s holding up the sky)9. Helios or Sol: Sun god10. Luna: moon, Aurora: dawn11. Ceres/Tellus: earth goddess, abundance.12. Atmospheric perspective (usually seen in paintings)- mixed high relief with low relief (things closer to you are clearer; things farther away are not)13. Apotheosis- when a human being becomes a god14. Oculus- huge open hole in the top of the dome; you can see the sky, and rain will come in (there is one in the Pantheon)15. Spolia: taking specific aspects so associations are made 16. Chi rho- first two letters of “Christ”; painted on soldier’s shields17. Mosaics- a sheet of tile and a sheet of glass are broken into pieces called tesserae. Thosepieces are reassembled to create an image/pattern18. Ambulatory- aisle that goes around in a circle19. Zoomorphic designs- on the gospels; rely heavily on animalsPossible Essay TopicsI. Compare/contrast the Parthenon and Pantheon a. Differences between the types of columnsb. Compare the reason that they were builti. Both were built to suggest unityii. Both have religious purposes1. Parthenon was dedicated to Athena, the goddess of war and wisdom and the patron goddess of new beginnings2. Pantheon was dedicated to all of the godsiii. Parthenon housed the treasury (it had a specific secular function)iv. The Pantheon was on the field of Mars (militaristic idea) and it is also a civics/history lesson (about Augustus, Agrippa, Caesar, etc.) c. Romans