ARHI 2300 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. The ParthenonOutline of Current Lecture I. Pompey the Great, Roman Republican, 50 BCEII. Augustus PrimaportaCurrent LectureI. Pompey the Greata. Back when Rome was a republic, the Senate was locked and could not get anything accomplishedi. In 60 BCE, there was a takeover and the formation of the 1st triumvirate: Pompey, Julius Caesar and Crassus. ii. JC and Crassus were aristocrats and patrician. Pompey was plebian (but he had military status and married well) 1. 53 BCE Crassus died. 2. Pompey and Julius Caesar become locked in a power struggle.3. 48 BCE JC defeated Pompey in battle, and Pompey fled to Egypt. Julius Caesar was appointed dictator for life by the Roman Senate.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Portrait busts would be made and displayed a person’s home, in addition to portrait bust of ancestorsi. Display to visitors that they come from a long line of wealthy, important Romansii. Pompey didn’t have that lineage; he had this bust made to begin his own lineage as someone great (he was 55 or so when this was made)c. Romans style was verism: VERY realistic (no attempt to hide flaws)i. Respect for elders- wrinkles, lines in the face ii. Yet Pompey is somewhat idealized1. Pompey- a man who worked his way up though the ranks in military (outdoor in battles) and aged 55 should have more wrinkles/scars2. This is a form of propaganda/a political message: he led a charmed life, lived inside, was educated, maybe member of Senate a. Lines give a sense of dignity and age (airbrushed) d. Pompey modeled his career after Alexander the Great (trying to emulate him by descriptions)i. We see it in this bust, esp. by the longer hairstyle e. This is the first sign that Romans will try to use their art as a form of propagandaII. Augustus Primaportaa. Roman Imperiali. 1st century CE marble copy of bronze original of 20 BCE b. Found in Augustus’s wife’s (Olivia’s) villa c. Augustus is in his 40’s here i. Similar to Doryphorus (the perfect man- contrapposto, pose, etc.)d. Historical backgroundi. 63 BCE: Gaius Octavius was born, father died when he was 4, Julius Caesar, (his uncle) becomes a father figure. ii. 48 BCE: Julius Caesar appointed dictator for life.iii. 44 BCE: Julius Caesar murdered, in his will he made Gaius Octavius his legal son and sole heir.iv. The 2nd triumvirate forms: Gaius Octavius, Marc Antony, and Lepidus. v. Gaius forces the Roman Senate to deify Julius Caesar (makes them make Caesar a god)vi. 31 BCE Octavius defeated Antony at the naval Battle of Actium, and became sole ruler of Rome. vii. 27 BCE Octavius was given the name Augustus. viii. Rome now an empire, and Octavius/ Augustus is the 1st Roman Emperor at age 36.ix. 20 BCE Augustus won a major diplomatic victory over the Parthians—Pax Romana, the Roman peace, lasts until Augustus’s death in 14 CE.e. Oratorical gesture- conveys the power of words (one arm outstretched), but he is also carrying a spear (if words can’t persuade, he will come after you with military might)f. Idealized (in his 40s when sculpture was created), but looks more like 20’s (prime)i. 6ft 8 inches high (larger than life size)ii. Cupid figure- son of Venus (born from the sea); Octavius claims he is descended from Venusiii. Dolphin- reference to naval battle victory iv. Augustus- means the superior one (36 years old) v. military costume, drapery (imperial toga means a role in Senate)vi. Sculpture is free standing, open form, and high reliefvii. Imagery on breastplate: 1. Cumaean sibyl- lion, man, bird creature. The Sibyl prophesized that when the Roman standards returned to Rome, there will be peace and prosperity2. Tiberius (Augustus’s step son)- Livia’s son. Tiberius brokered diplomatic peace under the guide of Augustus.3. At his feet, there is a wolf, referencing Romulus and Remus myth (they were abandoned by their mother and raised by a she-wolf; wolf becomes symbol of Rome. Romulus killed Remus and becamethe founder of the city)4. Standards have been returned to Rome, and there is peace and prosperity5. Caelus- Roman sky god (suggests he’s holding up the sky)6. Helios or Sol: Sun god7. Luna: moon, Aurora: dawn8. Ceres/Tellus: earth goddess, abundance.9. Cornucopia filled with fruit, food, plenty etc., all brought by Augustus10. Left side-bottom: Augustus’s personal god, Apollo—reasona. Why Augustus is so diplomatic11. Right side-bottom: Diana—the hunt12. Left side-top: Hispania (Spain)a. Augustus was responsible for bringing Spain into the Roman Empire 13. Right side-top: Gaul (France)g. This was political propagandah. There are three primary messages in all of Augustus’s sculptures:i. Military prowess: authority gained in battle, physical powerii. Diplomatic action: authority gained through persuasion, power with wordsiii. Divine ancestry: authority from the gods and from Julius Caesariv. We see all three messages herei. Differences from The Palette of Narmer: Augustus doesn’t always use forcei. Similarity: story all spelled out, propaganda, approval of gods, iconography
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