ARHI 2300 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. Parthenon MovieOutline of Current Lecture I. ParthenonCurrent LectureI. Parthenona. Greek Classical time periodi. Architects: IKTINOS AND KALLIKTRATEii. Sculptural program: Phidiasiii. 447 – 438 BCEb. Post and Lintel construction – it was based upon Pythagorean mathematical formulas, a system of ratios to create symmetriac. There was a giant statue of Athena standing guard; it was later destroyedi. Athena was the Goddess of Warfare and Wisdom; the gorgeous sculpture was gilded in goldii. She represented control over the elemental forces of nature and the human being; thinking things through and being disciplinediii. Greeks wanted to be more disciplined/strategiciv. Athenians saw themselves as first among the equals (city states)d. Doric temple with ionic elementsi. Basic post and lintel contructionii. Optical illusionse. Column: Shaft and CapitalThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Entablature: Architrave, Frieze, Cornice surrounds the Pediment (the triangular part of the image above)f. Three types of columnsi. Doric: No base, capital looks like a “D” on its side, takes a frieze w/ metopes and triglyphs1. (Used primarily on the Greek mainland)2. Doric capital (or Doric column) takes a frieze (2) with metopes (12)separated by triglyphs (11); generally feature Athenian heroes battling mythical creatures and triumphing over elemental forcesii. Ionic: base, capital w/volutes—takes continuous frieze1. Volutes- spirals that spiral inward (may look like an eye)2. Ionic capital has a frieze that is not separated by triglyphes- it is a continuous frieze (ongoing story)3. (Used on Ionian Greek islands)iii. Corinthian: base, capital with acanthus leaves a symbol of victory, takes acontinuous frieze (we will see these when we look at the Romans)g. The Parthenon is a Doric temple with some Ionic elements (continuous freeze)i. Doric columns on peristyle and pronaosii. Ionic columns in the treasury (Ionic element)iii. Two friezes, one around the peristyle, and one around the cellaiv. Frieze around peristyle has metopes and triglyphs, as one would expect with Doric columns. The frieze around the cella is a continuous frieze. (Ionic element)h. Linear or Optical Refinements1) Stylobate and Architrave curve upward towards the middle creating a convex surface2) Columns on the peristyle incline inward. If a line were drawn straight up it would meet 1.5 miles above in the sky. 3) Entasis: The columns swell outward about 1/3 up and then taper inwardi. It gives it a sense of movement; not so staticii. In nature we don’t normally find straight lines; curves make the building look more organic. Gives it a sense of rythmos is addition to symmetria.iii. From a distance, everything looks straighti. Sculptural program: Phidias (although he probably didn’t do it by himself)i. The sculptural program highlights the Athenians and their role in Greek society. The Athenians considered themselves “first among equals.”ii. The overall message is the triumph of order over chaos--w/Athenians playing the primary role. j. Sculpture of a procession/parade of some kind; there is going to be a celebration/sacrificei. West frieze- high relief sculpture of horses and ridersii. Panathenaic procession: held every four years in Athens (coincided with Olympics). 1. At this event there was a parade and feast in honor of Athena. TheAthenians made offerings to Athena for her continued protection. The event culminated in the presentation of the peplos (robe) to astatue of Athena.2. The sculpture shows a young girl presenting the robe to Athenaa. Regular, everyday people interacting with the gods3. Athenians were so confident in themselves that they were comfortable mingling with godsk. Sculptural program: Phidiasi. West Pediment depicts the battle between Athena and Poseidon over which would become the patron of Athens—Athena wins. ii. East Pediment depicts the Birth of Athena.iii. Both pediments are 90 feet long, 11 feet high, 22 individual free standing sculptures iv. Sea was important to Athens (trade on sea, etc.), but Athena was able to beat Poseidon because he was an elemental force of nature. Athena was wise and was able to control himv. Triangle shape draws eye upward. 1. Architectural contrapposto (balancing straight lines off of curves) to create visual rhythm2. Create symmetry based off of Pythagoras, and rythmos.l. The Parthenon and its sculptural program, for the most part, highlights the role of the Athenians in Greek society—”first among equals.” Overall the message is the triumph of order over chaos—symbolically the Greeks (Athenians, first among equals) over the Persians.i. Based on mathematical ratios inspired by the work of Pythagoras: symmetriaii. Linear refinements: Organic structure, rythmosm. Eventually, other gods fell aside; Heracles became unpopulari. series of civil wars between city states, and the eventual fall of Greece to the
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