ARHI 1nd Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Woman of Willendorf AKA Venus of Willendorf, Paleolithic, ca. 28,000-25,000 BCE II. Hall of the Bulls, Caves at Lascaux, Paleolithic, ca. 16,000-14,000 BCE Outline of Current LectureI. War and Peace, Standard of Ur, Sumerian, ca. 2600-2400 BCE II. Bull-Headed Lyre, Sumerian, ca. 2600-2400 BCEIII. Ur Ziggurat, 3rd Dynasty of Ur, Neo-Sumerian, ca. 2100 BCEIV. Hammurabi’s Law CodeCurrent LectureI. War and Peace, Standard of Ur, Sumerian, ca. 2600-2400 BCE a. Discovered at the Royal Cemetery at Ur, which was excavated by Woolley in the 1920sb. We assumed that those buried here were royal; they had to be important people (expensive objects- gold jewels, gold plates, servants buried with them)i. Servants drank poison and were buried; believed that you would need servants in the afterlifec. Standard of Ur, War and Peace was thought to be a standard (military banner)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. It was found by Woolley in the Cemetery; thought the man was a war herod. Because of the way the pieces fit together, we think that it was actually the sound base of a lyree. Arranged in registers; three scenes being enacted (read from bottom to top/victory)i. Bottom register: Horses are moving, knocking down people; the actual warii. Middle Register: Naked people have been defeated iii. Top Register: Hierarchy of Scale- leader is taller than everybody elsef. War and Peace is telling a story: the people had war and took prisoners who were sent to the leader g. Other side, there is peace: domesticated animals, and a banquet on top registerII. Bull-Headed Lyre, Sumerian, ca. 2600-2400 BCEa. Found in one of the graves of the Royal Cemetery b. Heraldic Composition- singular central figure flanked by two figures on either side that are mirror images of each otherc. At this time, people had music, were developing fine artsd. Medium: wood, shell, lapis lazuli, and gold leaf (expensive material)i. Scorpion man-somewhat connected to underground, afterlifeii. Gazelle-like figure pouring drinks, jackal playing music on lyre similar to artifact itselfiii. Suggests that a feast may take placeiv. Bulls/Man with long beards-maybe connection between god of the peopleIII. Ur Ziggurat, 3rd Dynasty of Ur, Neo-Sumerian, ca. 2100 BCEa. In 2300 BCE, Sumerian City States united were under Sargon the Great (Akkadian)b. In 2150 BCE, Sumerians overthrow Akkadian rulers and establish new Sumerian rulers, united under the Kings of Ur (Ur being the first and most important city state)c. Ziggurat tall structure made with mud brick center, mud mixed w/ straw to bind it together & baked in sun, outer bricks faced with bitumeni. Not a tomb/pyramid, most likely used for religious functionsii. Festival of Nanna, the Sumerian moon god, and chief deity of Ur was celebrated1. During the festival, Nanna supposedly came down and had sex with a young woman2. King was probably stand in for Nanna3. It the woman got pregnant, it would be a good yearIV. Hammurabi’s Law Codea. Steles were used as grave markers to mark the site of something historicb. Displayed somewhere publicc. Made of basalt so that it will last; larger than life sized. The law is written on the bottom parte. Carved in high relief; something of original stone is left (can see deep shadows)f. Hammurabi stands in presence of sun god Shamesh; seems like kings are chargedby gods and have a god-given right to deliver the law (idea that lasts into 19th century)g. Bottom: the text h. Prologue Hammurabi’s accomplishments as a military leader, and other evidence of his political leadershipi. The middle part is the code of lawj. The epilogue commemorates Hammurabi’s skill as a peacemakerk. Law was harsh; an eye for an eyeV. Lamasuu from Dur Sharrukin; 720-705 BE. Assyrian.a. Everyday people didn’t live within the walls; during times of war they retreatedi. There were different classes of people; important people live inside wallsb. Medium: limestone; 13 feet high c. High Relief sculpture; base is still therei. Head of man, body of hoofed creature, wingsd. Composite viewe. Polychrome sculpture (was painted)f. Statue taken from Greece; Britains argue they can care for it better (w/bad economy), but Greece wants it backVI. Ishtar Gates- Neo-Babylonian (ca 575 BCE)a. Romans get credited with inventing the arch, but they did notb. Bricks glazed with blue glass; gold leaves make animal hybrids on wallc. Animal=Marduk- chief god of Babyloniansi. Leopard body, clawed feet, reptile headd. Bricks are molded individually to make animale. Adad- god of stormsf. Istar- name of lion (where we get name of gates)g. Parades were used for funerals, religious ceremonies, and celebrationsi. Suggest unityii. Display wealth and
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