ARHI 2300 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. Arch of TitusII. Spoils of JerusalemIII. Triumph of TitusOutline of Current Lecture I. Pantheon, Roman Imperial, 118-125 CEII. Comparing and Contrasting the Parthenon and the Pantheon Current LectureI. Pantheona. Means “all the gods”- pan “all” and theos “gods” i. meant to honor all gods, not just Roman onesii. Romans want to present themselves as a progressive and tolerant people1. They don’t make Christians/monotheistic religions make offerings to Roman godsiii. Pantheon symbolizes this tolerance b. In 27 BCE, Marcus Agrippa built the first Pantheon on the Campus Martius sitei. Marcus Agrippa wanted to present himself as tolerant and inclusive ii. The first one was made of wood and burned down; the second one was struck by lighteningc. Emperor Hadrian built the third Pantheon on the same sitei. Mars was the god of war- this is the area where troops would gather and make offerings to gods before going off to warThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. After the second Pantheon burned down, people were superstitious, so it took a while to build a third one (118 CE)d. Romans conquered Spain, and military leaders rose through the ranks… now there are Spanish emperors (this also shows tolerance of Romans)i. Hadrian (Spanish) wants to send message of tolerance; he was one of the good emperors (time of peace and prosperity)e. Greek inspired portico and triangular pediment (want to evoke the idea of the Golden Age of Greece) i. Corinthian columns: acanthus leaves, victory ii. Walls kept noise of Rome out; made this place more sacred iii. Triumphal arch inspired troops that they would be victoriousf. Originally, there was a statue of Augustus on one side and a statue of Marcus Agrippa on the other i. Agrippa was not an emperor, but Hadrian want him to be remembered (he gave good counsel) ii. Inscription- “Marcus Agrippa, in my third term, made this”g. Dome adaptation of the arch (this is one of the first domed spaces in the ancient world)i. Medium: pozzolanaii. Scriptural niches at the door (Augustus and Agrippa) iii. Oculus- huge open hole in the top of the dome; you can see the sky, and rain will come in.1. There is a draining system in the floor (floor slopes downward)2. Connects the earthly world below to the heavens above 3. Oculus is a perfect circle h. 142 ft. wide x 142 ft. highi. Created intersecting arches… took ingenuity (combines an arch rotated 360 degrees w/ concrete)ii. One of the wonders of the world at the time; people came from around the Roman world to see iti. Light comes in; like a giant sundial j. There are a number of different alters in therei. “My intentions had been that this sanctuary of all gods should reproduce the likeness of the hours as they make their rounds, the disk of daylight rests suspended there like a shield of gold. Prayers rise like smoke toward that void where we all place the gods…” – Emperor Hadrianii. Originally, the alter across from the door had a statue of Mars (war), of Venus (love), and Julius Caesar (deified) iii. Other alters were dedicated to other Roman gods, except for one that was left empty (for all the gods that the Romans did not know)1. anyone was welcome herek. Might represent unity, equality, community, inclusiveness of Romei. Roman empire seemed endless; like it would last foreverII. Compare/contrast the Parthenon and Pantheon a. Could be an essay topic for a testb. Differences between the types of columnsc. Compare the reason that they were builti. Both were built to suggest unityii. Both have religious purposes 1. Parthenon was dedicated to Athena, the goddess of war and wisdom and the patron goddess of new beginnings2. Pantheon was dedicated to all of the godsiii. Parthenon housed the treasury (it had a specific secular function)iv. The Pantheon was on the field of Mars (militaristic idea) and it is also a civics/history lesson (about Augustus, Agrippa, Caesar, etc.) d. Romans weren’t as interested in creating optical refinements; the Pantheon is plain outside because all of the drama is inside e. Pantheon is very approachable; you don’t have to make steep climb (idea of inclusiveness) f. After the Parthenon was built, the Greek city states were unhappy that all their money went to create a temple to Athena; they eventually went to civil war with one another, and Romans take overg. After the Pantheon was built, the one alter set aside for other gods causes trouble as Christianity starts to take
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