PSYC 307 1st Edition Lecture 10 Overview of Previous Lecture Infancy Overview of Current Lecture Infancy and Development o Types of Perception o Imitation I Face Perception a Prefer faces to non face stimuli i Identify who you will attend to ii People in your own social community recognize specific people b Prefer upright to inverted faces i Recognize the way a face should be c Prefer unscrambled to scrambled faces d 2 months and younger face must be moving to show preferences i Sensitive to moving stimuli ii Early face preferences come from lower level cortical system e Prefer attractive faces i Similar to adults ii Symmetry makes a face attractive 1 Symmetry preference is present very early f Perceptual narrowing i Other species effect habituated to human face then add a new face novelty preference 1 Habituated to a monkey face then add a new monkey face very young babies can discriminate between faces fine differences 3 6 months 2 9 months of age they cannot discriminate between fine differences a Can discriminate between faces that are important to you humans i If monkeys given name they become important and older babies can discriminate ii Other race effect 1 Babies attend to eyes and noses 2 3 month olds can discriminate between individuals of any race 3 6 months better at discriminating between own race 4 9 months good at discriminated in their own race losing ability to discriminate between fine differences in other races II Depth Perception a Eleanor Gibson i Interested in whether or not babies recognize that depth perception is a cue for danger ii Visual Cliff Study 1 Babies who have just started crawling will cross visual cliff 2 Babies who have been crawling for a month or more will not cross visual cliff iii Babies can perceive depth but may not recognize it as signaling danger until they have learned to crawl b Kinetic cues motion cues projection on retina changes i Impending Collision 1 3 months 1 Moving and zooming distance of projection on retina 2 Babies duck reliably when it looks like something is going to hit them ii Accretion and deletion 5 months 1 Relative motion between to objects is kinetic cue that gives perception of depth c Binocular cues i Convergence of the eyes both eyes converging at same point in space 3 months 1 Information from both eyes transmitted to brain distance ii Stereopsis 4 6 months 1 Using binocular cues to know where things are in depth 2 Sex differences girls develop at 4 months boys at 6 7 months of age a Related to hormone levels d Pictorial cues 5 7 months i Relative size and height larger things perceived as closer ii Linear perspective iii Shading convex vs concave iv Interposition something in front behind v How to study pictorial cues 1 Patch one eye babies will reach for whatever they perceive to be closer III Auditory Perception a Auditory system relatively well developed at birth i Receive a lot of auditory information in the womb b Babies can discriminate between different tones pitches i Prefer voice stimuli to non voice stimuli ii Prefer language to non language stimuli prefer native language to other languages c Implications i Sets babies up to pay attention ii Development of language imperative for social development d Sound location i Newborns can recognize what side a sound is coming from ii 5 7 months very good at recognizing localization of sound IV Speech Perception a Categorical speech perception i Differentiate between sounds pa vs ma vs ba vs ta b Role of experience i 8 months of age differentiate between speech sounds of their own language community ii Easier to learn different languages while you are young c Language preferences V Object Perception a Object segregation i Completion of partially occluded figures how do babies segregate objects 1 Common motion 2 Alignment of edges 3 Amount of information available 4 Static displays ii Identification of separate objects in a visual array 1 Featural information 4 months a Boundaries dividing different features adults group them as separate b Babies use this information to differentiate 2 Physical knowledge 8 months B Imitation I Types a Face imitation i You have seen something and you give it back later not while you are doing it ii Hold in their mind and then give it back b Hand imitation c Deferred Imitation 9 months i After hours or days ii Meltzoff et al d Imitation of incomplete goals 12 months i Imitate entire goal beginning plus implied action II Functional Significance a Social communicative purpose b A way of understanding people i Objects visual and manual exploration ii People imitation c To establish identity of others C Intermodal Pereption I Differing viewpoints a Piaget babies don t have it b Empiricist experience allows you to put together a visual experience with objects i Link how it looks with how it feels sounds c Nativists i Amodal property can be experienced in any modality 1 Can perceive shape ridigity etc through different senses and properties ii Babies have difficulty integrating modality specific properties II Evidence a Oral visual 1 months i Pacifier differences in texture 1 Habituated to nubby therefore look longer at it when shown picture of nubby vs smooth ii Prefer whatever matches what they were habituated to b Auditory visual 4 months i Louder sounds coming closer ii Softer sounds going away c Tactile visual 4 months i Feel nubby vs smooth
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