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TAMU PSYC 307 - Introduction to Infancy
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PSYC 307 1st Edition Lecture 9 Overview of Previous Lecture Theories of Development Overview of Current Lecture Infancy o States of Arousal o Sleep o Perception October 2 Infancy sets basis for rest of development I Six States of Arousal a Active Irregular light sleep 8 hrs i Rapid eye movements twitching spontaneous movements startle responses ii Irregular heart rate and breathing b Quiet Regular deep sleep 8 hrs i Regular breathing slow deep no rapid eye movements motor system very still c Crying 2 hrs i Awake and crying all resources focused on crying d Active awake 2 5 hrs i Moving around not as focused as alert awake e Alert awake 2 5 hrs i Quiet eyes open and settled really taking in information eye contact follow face voice alert and processing stage ii Very short period of time each day f Drowsing 1 hr i In between sleep states and awake states g Between states healthy functioning babies transition from state to state regularly II Sleep a REM vs non REM sleep b c d e i REM active light ii Non REM deep quite iii EEG brain waves different REM waves more like awake brain waves 1 Consolidating information that you have gathered throughout the day 2 REM sleep better for articulation and memory important for cognitive functions Developmental Changes i Amount of REM sleep decreases as child approaches 10 years 1 Newborns spend about 50 of their time in REM sleep ii Amount of NREM sleep stays relatively constant Purpose of REM sleep i Rest recovery no 1 Findings suggest REM sleep is an important time for autostimulation ii Autostimulation yes 1 Pre term babies spend more time in REM sleep because they are in need of more stimulation iii Babies spend more time in REM sleep and fall into REM sleep more quickly right away Cultural Variations in Infant Sleeping Arrangements i North America tradition for nighttime separation of parent and infant 1 The more you separate from your baby the more independent they will become 2 Unique to US culture ii Co sleeping is norm for 90 of world often until adolescence 1 Common among US ethnic minority families a Rate in US increasing among mothers working outside the home i Nighttime parenting with your baby all through the night because you cannot be during the day due to work 2 Studies show no differences in dependency a May be individual differences 3 No evidence for a health hazard a Health hazard when parents are incapacitated Benefits of Napping i Rebecca Gomez and colleagues 1 REM sleep and adult memory ii 15 month olds 1 Experimental procedure a Training stimuli i Experimental training on patterns 1 A B C pattern A always predicts C B can be anything a Pel X jic and vot X rud b Pel X rud and vot X jic ii Control training on specific strings 1 Pel wadim jic and vot kicey rud 2 Pel puser rud and vot yakel jic b Delay nap or no nap c Test i Memory for pattern ii Memory for strings d Results i Nappers remembered patterns ii No nappers remembered specific strings iii Sleep does the same thing in babies as it does in adults 1 Consolidate information and extract patterns 2 Follow Up Experiment a 24 hour delay between test and retest 3 Overall conclusions a Naps promote abstraction of novel language b Naps facilitate abstraction after 24 hours III Perception a Sensation what type of information we receive from senses i Basic sensory components being received from outside b Perception organizing information in a way that it is meaningful to the individual i Studying Visual Perception 1 Preferential looking a Orienting response what do babies choose to look at b Visual preferences tell what information infants gather i Can tell about how perceptual system is set up 1 Predisposition to reason about certain kinds of information 2 Habituation a Habituate to familiar amount of time baby spends looking at something i Recognize that they have seen it before b Preference for novelty i Change in behavior suggests that they recognize something as new 3 Behavioral responses a Looking time easiest to measure b Heart rate baseline heart rate required c Sucking rate becomes rhythmic as they become familiar ii Visual Capacities 1 Acuity how well you can see under conditions of contrast a 20 300 to 20 800 newborns have very poor vision b Visual acuity develops very quickly during first six months 2 Color vision newborns prefer color over noncolor stimuli a Dichromats green red b Trichromats blue green red i Babies categorize color by about 4 months old iii Scanning and Tracking 1 Scanning faces objects a Younger babies scan outside of objects one month i General structure area of high contrast boundaries b Older babies scan more on the inside two months i More specific details found here 2 Tracking a Smooth pursuit by 2 3 months of age i Follow object from side to side getting information from it 100 of the time iv Pattern perception 1 Younger babies prefer large elements older babies prefer smaller patterns a Younger babies tend to see small patterns as no pattern i Poor visual acuity v Shape and size constancy color 1 Shape ability to recognize 3D shape of an object from any perspective a Because object moves or because viewer moves b Develops at about 4 months of age visual system has extracted a 3D representation of the object 2 Size visual representation can depend on how close far it is in space a 2 months babies have size constancy b Recognize that it maintains size despite fact that it looks different sizes 3 Color hue saturation brightness a Time period unknown open for debate i Even adults have difficulty with color constancy


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TAMU PSYC 307 - Introduction to Infancy

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