PSYC 307 1st Edition Lecture 8 Overview of Previous Lecture Theories of Cognitive Development Overview of Current Lecture Theories of Social Development o Freud vs Erikson Learning Theories Ethological Theories Theories of Social Development I Psychoanalytical theories a Sigmund Freud stages covered in textbook i Core concepts 1 Focus on psychosexual development first six years of life 2 Humans have biological needs that need to be satisfied 3 Society has rules that dictate these urges ii Three parts of personality 1 Id largest unconscious present at birth source of biological needs and desires 2 Ego conscious rational mind early infancy reality principle 3 Superego conscience governs interactions develops between ages 3 6 iii Unconscious based on sexual impulses b Erik Erikson i Stages of Psychosocial Development you must resolve conflict to progress but you can go back 1 Trust vs Mistrust first year a If baby has experiences in which they feel like they can trust their environment needs met they will be more likely to develop trust b Lay first bonds with care takers adults in their lives i Understanding of relationships developed 2 Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt 1 3 years a Children become much more independent can feed toilet dress alone b If they do not establish independence they experience shame doubt c Autonomy realistic expectations time periods d Can affect way kids feel about themselves in the world 3 Initiative vs Guilt 3 6 years a Make plans set goals accomplish those goals b Learn social rules consistent with expectations 4 Industry vs Inferiority 6 12 years a Most children enter organized education i Compared to their peers fitting in 5 Identity vs Role Confusion adolescence a Establish who they are and their beliefs b If you can establish your identity you can progress to the next stage i Establish intimate relationships in the right way ii Intuitive theory c Differences between theories i Freud resist urges Erikson human nature is good want to development a system of trust 1 Erikson has more positive view ii F focus on neuroses where things go wrong Erikson focuses on healthy development iii F nature important about biological urges Erikson not all biological experiences shape also iv F Theory goes through age 6 Oedipus and Electra complex cannot go back and fix it 1 Erikson development never stops can go back to revisit issues II Contributions a Freud i Importance of early experiences and emotional relationships ii Recognition of subjective experience and unconscious b Erikson i Intuitive break down of stages makes sense ii Search for identity in adolescence has lasting impact iii Development happens through life span c Critiques of both theories i Claims too vague to be testable ii Not empirically validated iii Perhaps cannot generalize Freud studied women Erikson studied white men Learning Theories I Behavioral Theories a Types i Classical conditioning 1 Pair unconditioned stimulus to unconditioned response eventually become conditioned ii Operant conditioning 1 Pair with punishment b Emphasize role of external factors in shaping personality and social behavior c Continuity in development same principles apply throughout life d Focus on mechanisms of change principles of learning i Individual differences arise because of different environments e Criticisms i Good for explaining how to train a rat to get to food avoid shock ii Shape relatively simplistic behaviors you want to do things that you are reinforced for doing iii Behaviors too complex how we learn them cannot be fully explained II Social Learning Theory a Emphasizes observation and imitation b Bandura experiment Bobo doll and aggression III Cognitive and Social Learning Theory a Observational learning i Imitation and modeling ii Vicarious reinforcement seeing someone else get pulled over while you were also speeding b Importance of expectations i Cognitive representations of consequences c Regulation and control of behavior d Perceived self efficacy Bandura i Beliefs about how effectively one can control own behavior thoughts emotions to achieve a goal Ethological Theories adaptive value of behavior and evolutionary history I Evolutionary adaptive a Imprinting Lorenz i Baby ducks follow the first thing that they see moving mama duck b Critical periods i Develop behaviors that are important to behaviors c Sensitive periods i You can learn things more quickly easily at a certain time but it is not critical to have mastered that skill in that time II Evolutionary Theories focus on how environments effect adaptive behaviors a Focus on human behavior i Face perception language attachment relationships gender roles b From the beginning males have affinity for certain kinds of stimuli multiples mechanical i Females prefer things with a face with other properties ii evolutionarily adaptive attracted to different things through stimuli gender roles c Parental Investment Theory more likely to protect care for those who are genetically related to you i Estimated rates of child homicide committed by stepfathers are exponentially higher than those committed by biological fathers III Bronfenbrenner s Ecological Model a Environment is a system of nested structures i Microsystem 1 Immediate setting for a child school setting family setting church doctor etc ii Mesosystem 1 Surroundings of child and how those things interact in unusual ways indirectly a What happens at parent s job can affect how they interact with child iii Exosystem 1 Outside mesosystem extended family friends of family mass media etc a Things that affect the people involved in mesosystem iv Macrosystem 1 Larger culture society that you live in norms laws culture class v Chronosystem 1 Changes in person or environment over time 2 Time context divorce across age 3 Can change how society views something how people interact and treat children through time Example 9 11
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