PSYC 307 1st Edition Lecture 5 Overview of Previous Lecture I Brain and Prenatal Development Overview of Current Lecture II Fetal Behavior and Learning III Periods in Prenatal Development a Teratogens IV Birth Experience V Cognitive Development a Piaget s Theory Current Lecture September 16 Fetal Period continued Fetal Behavior and Learning o 32 weeks post conception 90 95 of time is spent asleep deep or REM Inter determinant sleep babies brain is not mature enough to be fully awake o 40 48 weeks Spends 85 asleep No inter determinant sleep Fetus very active explore with hands and legs walking in uterus Motor movements are more controlled and deliberate during third trimester o 15 weeks post conception TASTE Fetus has taste buds Swallowing up to one liter of amniotic fluid per day Carries essence of taste of what mother eats Baby s taste system is set up to have taste for the mother s breast milk o Pre and post natal diet can be based on what the baby prefers o o o Affected by culture 24 26 weeks Opening closing of eyes Visual system is the least developed system at birth Auditory system well developed prenatally o Hear inside body sounds outside sounds mother s voice o Babies respond to mother s voice 30 weeks post conception Temperament personality Prenatal vs postnatal environment trouble establishing sleep cycle in utero can effect restlessness and sleep habits postnatal There is no evidence that over stimulation of music or Prenatal University helps the fetus in any way Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development A Teratogen anything that can cause a birth defect I II III IV V o Zygotic period usually not susceptible to teratogens o Embryonic development of organs systems most teratogens occur at this time o Fetal physiological defects minor structural abnormalities possible Maternal diseases and conditions a Rubella German measles common if contracted during the first trimester there could be structural abnormalities blindness heart defects etc i Inoculation against GM notices sent home from schools b STDs i Syphilis most damaging during second trimester 1 Skin eye lesions effects on central nervous system ii Genital herpes effects fetus DURING childbirth 1 C section can cause nervous system brain damage or death if fetus is exposed to lesions iii AIDS woman can pass AIDS to offspring during fetal development birthing process or breast feeding exchange of fluids Mother s Age a Ages 13 19 higher infant mortality rate when mothers are of young age i Young bodies are not prepared to support the development of a child ii Low SES iii Inattentive to prenatal health b Ages 35 higher risk for chromosomal abnormalities Nutrition during fetal development a Poor nutrition can lead to low birthrate b Phallic acid low levels can cause damages to neural tube formation Emotional Well Being a Chronic stress medical complications difficult labor fetal abnormalities more likely i Stress causes increase in adrenal hormones blood averted to brain muscles instead of sending blood oxygen to fetus Smoking Drugs Alcohol delivery complications low vitality a Drugs cocaine premature labor births fetus then goes through withdrawal which can lead to mortality b Fetal Alcohol Syndrome FAS mental retardation facial deformity i Oxygen metabolizes alcohol instead of the nutrients the baby needs VI Environmental Hazards a Radiation chemicals toxoplasmosis i Toxoplasmosis bacteria in uncooked meat and cat feces VII Teratogens in General a Type and timing important i Rare that just one teratogen is present b Sleeper effects exposed to teratogens that we are unsure of don t know the effect of i DES given during pregnancy to resolve medical complications 1 Offspring reached puberty before effects were known 2 DES Daughters more likely to have vaginal cancer abnormalities in cervix 3 DES Sons susceptible to testicular cancer infertility c Illegal legal substances B Birth Experience I Three Stages of Labor a Dilation of Cervix Transition of Fetus i Contractions opening of cervix baby drops down b Pushing birth c Delivery of Placenta II Approaches to Childbirth a Where hospital home birthing center i Home births 1 Low SES safe if care is taken and have been no prenatal complications 2 Not done in high risk situations a Multiples b How natural vaginal induction induce contractions C section planned vs emergency c Medications spinal block d Complications Cognitive Development I Piaget s Theory a Jean Piaget forefather of cognitive development b Constructivist i No inherent knowledge we construct our own 1 Come into the world with only reflexes ii Intrinsic motivation humans babies WANT to learn iii Construct knowledge from experience iv Perception thought can only know something if you are in DIRECT CONTACT with it no internal knowledge v Mechanism for learning sensory motor explanation c Interactionist nature AND nurture i Adaptation what you do with information as you receive it daily 1 Assimilation faced with knowledge that you can link to things that you already know calling a zebra a horse 2 Accommodation changing knowledge structures for new information a Reorganization calling a zebra a striped horse 3 Equilibration equilibrium vs disequilibrium II Discontinuities a Four states of cognitive theory central properties i Qualitative change ii Brief transitions followed by stability iii Unknown iv Unknown b STAGE ONE Sensori motor birth to two years i Start with reflexes only refine to coordination ii Object permanence object continues to exist and maintains properties 1 Babies don t search for hidden objects iii A not B Error 1 7 8 months begin to search for objects hide one object give two location options baby will always go back to initial location even when you show them it is not there a Knowledge of world all embedded in physical environment iv Deferred imitation v Major accomplishment OBJECT CONCEPT
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