EXAM 1 NOTES 8 31 10 18 2012 Kingdom Animalia man is part of animal kingdom top grouping Anatomy study of the parts of the body and how they relate to each other Gross Macroscopic study of large body parts visible to naked eye Regional all structures in particular region of body Systematic structure of the body are studied by systems Microscopic very small structures that are viewed by microscopes not the naked eye o Cytology cells viewed o Histology tissues viewed Need all organ systems working in unison Cell form communities Developmental structural changes that occur in body throughout the life span Tissues are made up of group of similar cells to perform specific role Comparative Anatomy compare different structures organs of the body Anatomy Study success 1 observation 2 manipulation 3 master terms Anatomical position 1 body erect 2 feet slight apart 3 palms face forward Frontal vertical cut divides body into anterior and posterior Sagittal vertical cut divides body into left right parts o Midsagittal cut exactly in mid line that divides body into EQUAL left right 4 thumbs away from body Planes Sections parts Anatomy 9 2 body has to be in anatomical position for dissection 2 cavities in body trunk dorsal and ventral cavities see these two cavities by frontal cut dorsal spinal cord and brain cavity ventral is divided by diaphragm Thoracic cavity contains heart and lungs Abdominal cavity contains digestive organs ventral cavity surrounded by serous membrane ventral larger cavity and subdivided into superior thoracic cavity and inferior abdominopelvic each organ has its own compartment which prevents spread of infection allows each organ in the body cavity to be surrounded by its own membrane organs in dorsal cavity are surrounded by membranes called meninges inflammation of dorsal cavity is composed of the cranial cavity houses the brain and the vertebral cavity Compartmentalization meninges meningitis houses the spinal cord Ventral Cavity 1 Superior Thoracic Cavity 2 Inferior Abdominopelvic Cavity these are divided by the diaphragm membranes called serous membranes surround organs in the ventral body cavity Advantages of Compartmentalization 1 prevents the spread of infection from one organ to another in same body cavity 2 prevents interference of the functioning of each organ by neighboring organs in the same body 9 division of abdominopelvic cavity but a simpler way is the 4 quadrants right left upper and cavity lower Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity blend in so you can t divide them Physiology study of the function of the body parts structure defines function 1 Systemic physiology study of the function of the systems body 11 organ systems in body and all 11 organ systems work together to sustain the human body referred to as HOMEOSTASIS if one organ system isn t working it is homeostatic imbalance if one system fails and not repaired other systems will fall apart 11 systems integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic respiratory digestive urinary reproductive talk about endocrine system when there in a body imbalance Levels of structural organization 1 Chemical atoms combine to form molecules 2 Cellular cells made up of molecules 3 Tissue tissues made up of similar types of cells 4 Organ organs made up of different types of tissues 5 Organ system consists of different organs that work together closely 6 Organismal organisms made up of many systems HOMEOSTASIS balance in the body established by 2 regulatory organ systems nervous and endocrine nervous system fast action short lived and localized stream Homeostasis imbalance DISEASES a quick adjustment use the nervous system Chapter 2 Chemical Level lowest level looking at structural organization in the human body 6 structural levels Chemical level is the LOWEST means were looking at the biochemical reactions occurring in the body endocrine system generally slow action long lasting and global release hormones in the blood these chemical reactions are what we refer to as physiological processes necessary to sustain matter anything that occupies space and has mass composed of elements atoms building blocks of all matter 112 elements most important CARBON NITROGEN OXYGEN HYDROGEN Structure of an atom 1 protons positively charged in the nucleus and is referred to as ATOMIC 2 neutrons neutral in nucleus therefore nucleus is POSITIVE 3 elections negatively charged in outer shells electrons are located arranged in the orbits shells in a specific manner first shell max 2 electrons second shell max 8 electrons third shell max 18 electrons however stable with 8 electrons outermost shell is VALENCE shell if valence shell does not contain max number of electrons the atom is UNSTABLE and therefore chemical reactive atoms are not happy unless shells are full achieve stability in 2 ways lose electrons or gain electrons inert elements atoms with valence shells complete and therefore chemically inert unreactive ex atom with 10 electrons 2 in first and 8 in 2nd so therefore stable life 9 7 noble gases chemically reactive elements atoms in the elements that have incomplete valence shells and therefore unstable and chemically reactive achieve stability thorough forming CHEMICAL BONDS with other atoms using their valence electrons results in formation of molecules and compounds 3 types of chemical bonds covalent bonds electrons shared between atoms to attain stability o nonpolar shared equally ex CO2 o polar UNEQUAL one atom pulls the shared electrons closer to itself ELECTRONEGATIVE and the other atom is ELECTROPOSITIVE o oxygen electronegative hydrogen electropositive ionic bonds complete transfer of electrons ex Na Cl o no longer an atom if gain lose electron o gaining losing takes energy o so is it easier to lose 7 or gain 1 to attain stability o Atom losing electron is CATION positive and atom accepting electron is Hydrogen bonds wear bond between hydrogen atoms electropositive and ANION negative electronegative ions o Polar covalent compound Hydrogen bond weakest ionic b c complete transfer polar covalent b c unequal share nonpolar covalent b c equal sharing Inorganic and Organic Compounds Inorganic DON T contain carbon except carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide water acids bases salts Organic contain carbon that are covalently bonded o Ex carbs lipids proteins nucleic acids Water polar covalent molecule Most abundant compound in body 70 of the volume of cells Known as universal solvent involved in all
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