Review Sheet Exam 1 10 21 2010 1 Define to each other Anatomy study of the structures of the body and how they related Physiology study of the function of the body s parts Homeostasis maintenance of a relatively stable internal conditions even though the external environment is changing 2 Explain the statement structure defines function 3 Body cavities a Dorsal cavity consists of the cranial and vertebral cavities b Ventral cavity consists of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities 4 Levels of organization define each level lowest to the highest What is an organism Chemical level atoms combine to form molecules Cellular level cells are made up of molecules Tissue level tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level organs are made up of different types of tissue Organ system level organ systems consist of different organs that Organism level the human organism is made up of many organ work together closely systems Organism an individual animal plant or single celled life form 5 The chemical level define protons neutrons electrons atomic number Protons positively charged subatomic particles located in the center of the atom known as the atomic nucleus Neutrons uncharged subatomic particles located inside the atomic nucleus Electrons negatively charged subatomic particles located in orbits shells surrounding the atomic nucleus Atomic number number of protons in an atom 6 What is the overall charge of the atomic nucleus Positive Zero 7 What is the net charge of an atom 8 Define the 3 types of chemical bonds discussed and give the order of increasing bond strength from the weakest to the strongest Which one is stronger a polar covalent bond or nonpolar covalent bond Give an example of a polar covalent molecule Covalent bonds electrons are shared between atoms to attain stability 2 types of covalent bonds nonpolar and polar o Nonpolar covalent bond electrons are shared equally between the atoms involved Ex H2O water molecule o Polar covalent bond unequal sharing of electrons one atoms pulls the shared electrons close to itself and such an atom is referred to as an electropositive atom the other atom is referred to as an electronegative atom Ex CO2 carbon dioxide molecule Ionic bonds involve complete transfer of electron from one atom to the other resulting a charged particles called ions the atom donating the electrons becomes positively charged ion called a cation the atom accepting electrons becomes a negatively charged ion called an anion ionic bond therefore forms between the cation and the anion opposites attract Hydrogen bonds a weaker bond that forms between hydrogen atoms electropositive and electronegative ions hydrogen bonds form between atoms already involved in polar covalent bond 9 Define Ions an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons Cations a positively charged ion i e one that would be attracted to the cathode in electrolysis the opposite of anion Anions a negatively charged ion i e one that would be attracted to the anode in electrolysis the opposite of cation 10 Inorganic compounds Water universal solvent Acids proton donors Bases proton acceptors What are salts Salts ionic compounds that dissociate completely in water to give cations and anions o Ex NaCl KCl 11 Organic compounds a Carbohydrates Define Monosaccharides CH2O n sweet and soluble in water o Ex Hexose CH2O 6 Pentose CH2O 5 Disaccharides composed of two hexose sugars sweet and soluble in Polysaccharides composed of long chains of glucose storage form of glucose known as starch in plant cells and as glycogen in animal cells not sweet insoluble in water b Define each of the 4 structural levels of proteins Primary structure linear polypeptide that can act as a base and a carboxyl terminal that can act as an acid Secondary structure twisting bending to form an alpha helix coiled or a beta pleated sheet polypeptide chains linked side by water side Tertiary structure secondary structure fold upon themselves to give a compact globular molecule three dimensional molecule Quaternary structure two or more polypeptide chains are held together by disulfide bonds At what structural level of proteins do we have the alpha helix and the Beta pleated sheets Secondary structure c Name the 2 classes of proteins Fibrous Proteins Globular Proteins Which class of proteins is also known as structural proteins and why Fibrous proteins because they provide mechanical support and tensile strength as the main building material in the body d Lipids 4 Types i Neutral fats Triglycerides What are saturated unsaturated fats Unsaturated fats at least one double covalent bond in the carbon chain liquid at room temperature plant sources olive oil Saturated fats single covalent bonds exist between all the carbons in the chain solid at room temperature animal sources butter ii Phospholipids hydrophobic nonpolar tails and hydrophilic polar heads iii Steroids derived from cholesterol iv Eicosanoids regulatory substances derived from arachidonic acid Name the enzyme required for prostaglandin production 12 Cellular Level 2nd level of structural organization a Cell fundamental unit of structure and function of all living organism b Name the 3 major parts of the cell Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus c Cell membrane composed of bilayer of phospholipids d What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane Cholesterol inserts between phospholipids tails to stabilize the plasma membrane cholesterol therefore maintains the integrity of the plasma membrane e Differentiate between integral and peripheral proteins What are transmembrane proteins Integral proteins span the entire way of the plasma membrane Peripheral proteins do not span the entire way of the plasma membrane attached f Membrane junctions Describe tight junctions gap junction and desmosomes Tight junctions fusion of integral proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells forming an impermeable junction Gap junctions formed by hollow cylinder called connexons it allows for the rapid transfer of ions between cells also known as communicating junctions Desmosomes linker proteins extending from plaques on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane of adjacent cells interdigitate to hold the cells together and prevent their separation also known as anchoring junction What are connexons What are linker proteins Connexons connect adjacent cells Linker proteins interdigitate between the adjacent cells to hold the cell
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