Part 1 csilver34 gmail com 08 30 2010 Taxanomy Animalia man is part of the animal kingdom the top grouping Phylum Chordata this phylum consists of animals with spinal cords Class Mannalia man is a mammal a warm blooded animal who bears its young live gorillas etc chimps and gorillas Order Primates this order includes humans and all apes monkeys Family Hominidae the hominids include man and his closet cousins Genus Homo the family of man including our extinct predecessors homo erectus and the neanderthals Species sapiens you and me Anatomy one another Topics of Anatomy Anatomy study of the structures of the body and how they relate to o Gross or macroscopic anatomy study of large body structures visible to the naked eye o Systemic anatomy body structures studied system by system o Surface anatomy study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface o Microscopic anatomy study of very small structures examined under the microscope o Comparative anatomy human structures compared to structures of other animals Mastery of Anatomy 1 Observation 2 Manipulation 3 Mastery of anatomical terminology language The Human Body An Orientation The body in an anatomical position o Body erect o Feet slightly apart o Palms face forward o Thumbs point away from the body Physiology Physiology study of the function of the body s parts Systemic physiology study of the function of the systems of the body o Cardiovascular physiology o Renal physiology o Neurophysiology Principle of complementarity of structure and function structure defines function Levels of Structural Organization 6 Levels From the lowest level to the highest level o 1 Chemical level atoms combine to form molecules o 2 Cellular level cells are made up of molecules o 3 Tissue level tissues consist of similar types of cells o 4 Organ level organs are made up of different types of tissue o 5 Organ system level organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely o 6 Organismal level the human organism is made up of many organ systems 11 Organ Systems in the Human Body Integumentary System hair skin nails Skeletal System joint bones Muscular System smooth Nervous System brain sensory receptor spinal cord nerves Endocrine System pineal gland pituitary gland thyroid gland thymus adrenal gland pancreas ovary testis Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System Covered in BSCI201 Homeostasis the external environment is changing Homeostasis imbalances diseases Language of Anatomy Orientation and directional terms Regional terms Body planes and sections Body Planes and Sections All eleven organ systems work in unison to maintain homeostasis maintenance of a relatively stable internal conditions even though Frontal plane Coronal plane a vertical cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Sagittal plane a vertical cut that divides the body into right and left parts midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left parts Transverse plane Cross section a horizontal cut that divides the body into superior and inferior parts Two Body Cavities and Membranes 1 Dorsal Body cavity consists of the o Cranial cavity houses the brain o Vertebral spinal cavity houses the spinal cord o Membranes called meninges surround structures located in the body cavity 2 Ventral Body cavity consists of the o Thoracic cavity houses the lungs and the heart o Abdominopelvic cavity houses organs of the digestive reproductive and urinary systems o The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated by a skeletal muscle called the diaphragm o Membrane called the serous membrane surround structures in the ventral body cavity 08 30 2010 Composition of Matter Matter anything that occupies space and has mass Matter is composed of elements Each element is composed of identical atoms Atoms are therefore known as the building blocks There are 112 elements most of the body s weight is made up of four major elements carbon oxygen hydrogen and nitrogen Lowest level of structural complexity in the human body o Chemical level Elements in the Human Body Oxygen 65 Carbon 18 Hydrogen 10 Nitrogen 3 The Structure of an Atom Each atom is composed of 3 subatomic particles o 1 Protons positively charged subatomic particles located in the center of the atom known as the atomic nucleus number of protons in an atom is specifically referred to as the atomic number atomic nucleus o 2 Neutrons uncharged subatomic particles located inside the o Therefore the overall charge of the atomic nucleus is positive o 3 Electrons negatively charged subatomic particles located in orbits shells surrounding the atomic nucleus o In an atom the number of protons the number of electrons therefore the overall charge of an atom is zero an atom is electrically neutral Atomic Orbits Shells Electrons are located arranged in the orbit shells in a specific manner o First shell closest to the atomic nucleus can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons o Second shell can accommodate a maximum of 8 electrons o Third shell can accommodate a maximum of 18 electrons however the atom is stable with 8 electrons The Octotet o The outermost shell in an atom is called the valence shell and the electrons located in the valence shells are called valence Rule electrons o If the valence shell of an atom does not contain the maximum number of electrons the atom is unstable and therefore chemical reactive Chemically Inert and Chemically reactive Elements Inert elements atoms with their valence shells complete have the maximum number of electron and therefore chemically inert unreactive o Noble gases are chemically inert Chemically reactive elements atoms in the elements have incomplete valence shells and are therefore unstable and they are chemically reactive o Such chemically reactive atoms achieve stability by forming chemical bonds with other atoms using their valence electrons result in the formation of molecules and compounds Molecule typically involves the same atoms Compounds typically involves different atoms Three Types of Chemical Bonds Covalent bonds electrons are shared between atoms to attain stability 2 types of covalent bonds nonpolar and polar o Nonpolar covalent bond electrons are shared equally between the atoms involved Ex H2O water molecule o Polar covalent bond unequal sharing of electrons one atom pulls the shared electrons close to itself and such an atom is referred to as an electropositive
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