BSCI201 Exam 1 Study Guide outward Planes Body Cavities Anatomy study of the parts of the body and how they relate to each other o Types gross macroscopic regional systematic microscopic cytology cells histology tissues developmental comparative Study success observation manipulation master terms Anatomical Position body erect feet slightly apart palms forward thumbs pointing o Sagital divides the body into left and right parts o Frontal divides body into anterior and posterior o Transverse cross section 2 cavities in body trunk Dorsal and Ventral exposed by a frontal plane cut o Dorsal contain spinal chord and brain Composed of cranial cavity houses the brain and vertebral cavity houses o Ventral divided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm Structures are surrounded by the sereous membrane spinal chord Advantages Each organ has its own compartment in the cavity preventing the spread of infection Prevent interference of functioning of each organ by neighboring organs in the same body cavity Abdominopelvic 9 regions 4 quadrants Physiology study of the function of the body s parts Structure defines function Principle of Structure and Function 11 Organ systems in the body which work together to sustain the body o if 1 system fails other systems will follow because all systems are interalted Body Organization chemical cellular tissue organ organ system organism Homeostasis established by 2 regulatory systems nervous system and endocrine system o Nervous system fast acting short lived localized o Endocrine System slow acting long lived global Exception fight or flight Symptom objective and will manifest itself first Sign subjectve and can be seen by others The Chemical Level Looking at biochemical reactions occurring in the body referred to as the physiological processes necessary to sustain life Most important elements carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen 3 subatomic particles o Protons charge in nucleus o Neutrons no charge in nucleus o Electron charge orbit nucleus Atoms have same of protons and neutrons making them have an overall neutral charge Atomic of protons of electrons Atomic Orbitals Shells o 1st shell accommodates 2 electrons o 2nd shell accommodates 8 electrons o 3rd shell accommodates maximum of 18 electrons but is stable with 8 o Outermost shell valence shell electrons in valence shell valence electrons If valence shell of an atom does not contain max of electrons the atom is unstable and chemically reactive atoms want to reach stability Reduce of free radicals in the body lessens the effects of aging Inert Elements atoms with their valence shells complete chemically unreactive Establish stability by forming chemical bonds o Molecule involves the same type of atom o Compound involves different atoms 3 types of chemical bonds o Covalent Bonds electrons are shared between atoms 2 types Polar unequal sharing and Non polar equal sharing Polar electronegative atom hogs electron and electropositive o Ionic Bonds involves the complete transfer of electrons Not considered an atom if lose gain an electron Cation positively charged ion loses electron Anion negatively charge ion gains electron Bond forms between cations and anions o Hydrogen Bonds involves a polar covalent compound Need at least 1 electropositive hydrogen as part of a polar compound and another electronegative atom involved in a different polar compound o Weakest Bond Hydrogen Bond Ionic Bond Polar Covalent Non Polar Covalent Strongest Bond Compounds in the Human Body Inorganic v Organic o Inorganic Compounds do not contain carbon Ex Water acids bases salts CO2 b c not a chain of carbons Water Polar Covalent Molecule Known as universal solvent Most abundant compound in the body 70 of cell volume High heat capacity High heat of vaporization cools the body Used for cushioning around the brain and spine Acids substances that release hydrogen ion H proton donors Higher H concentration lower the pH Blood pH is between 7 35 and 7 45 Buffers regulate the acid base balance Resists abrupt changes in pH by binding H when pH falls and by releasing H when pH rises Bases substances that accept H proton acceptors Salts ionic compounds that dissociate completely in water to give cations and anions Ex NaCl KCl o Organic Compounds contains carbons that are covalently bonded Ex carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids Carbohydrates Hydrated carbons o Monosaccharide General Formula CH2O n sweet and soluble in water monomers of carbohydrates Hexose CH2O 6 Glucose Fructose Galactose Pentose CH2O 5 Deoxyribose Ribose o Disaccharides composed of 2 hexose sugars sweet and soluble in water 3 types Maltose grain sugar Glucose Glucose Sucrose table sugar Glucose Fructose Lactose milk sugar glucose galactose o Polysaccharides composed of long chains of glucose storage form of glucose Known as starch in plant cells GLYCOGEN in animal cells more branches allowing for more storage of glucose Not sweet insoluble in water Structure and Function insoluble in water for storage purposes Lipids o Hydrophobic substances insoluble in water o 4 types Neutral fats composed of glycerol backbone and 3 free fatty acids Triglyceride Most abundant form of fat in the human diet 2 types Saturated and Unsaturated o Unsaturated at least one double covalent bond in the carbon chain Liquid at room temperature Palnt Sources Ex Olive Oil o Saturated single covalent bond exists between all the carbons in the chain Solid at room temperature Animal sources Ex Butter High levels of LDL which increases cholesterol cholesterol is required by the body to maintain the structure of the plasma membrane and for the synthesis of the steroid hormone needed to establish homeostasis and for reproduction Why LDL is referred to as bad cholesterol Excess cholesterol in the body carried by LDL will cause plaque to deposit in the internal wall of blood vessels referred to as atherosclerotic plaques condition atherosclerosis o Can cause a heart attack or can lead to hypertension chronic increase in blood pressure which leads to congestive heart failure o In smaller blood vessels cerebral and coronary blood vessels can cause occlusion of these vessels no blood flow which can lead to schemic strokes 3 types of Lipoproteins very low density low density bad cholesterol high density good cholesterol o Need cholesterol to maintain the integrity of plasma membrane and to maintain homeostasis o 85 of needed cholesterol can be made by the body o HDL is known as good
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