Chapter 4 the cell anatomy and division The 3 regions o Nucleus Contains the genetic material central control of the cell Chromatin genetic material that is dispersed around the nucleus when cell is not dividing Chrosomes when chromatin coils condense to forrm chromosomes Nucleolus made up of proteins and RNA Assembly sites for proteins Nuclear envelope large nuclear pores that surround the nucleus o Plasma mmbrane surrounds the celll o Cytoplasm encloses the nucleus Cytosol liquid found in the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles small organs Organelles Ribosomes synthesis Smooth ER Composed of RNA and proteins for Produce steroid based hormones Rough ER transport proteins outside of the cell Golgi apparatus modification packagaging transporting proteins Lysosomes Powerful digestive enzymes Peroxides Detoxify a number of harmful substances Mitochondria Food is broken down to produce ATP Cytoskeleton elements Microtubles slender proteins that organize the cytoskeleton and help maintain the cell shape Intermediate filaments stable proteins that act to resist mechanical forces Microfilaments important in cell mobility Centrioles rod shaped bodies that are used in cell division for the formation of the mitotic spindle Phases Interphase o Period in which the cells carries out its normal activities and metabolic activities G1 phase centrioles begin replication S phase Dna replication G2 phase final replications for mitosis and centrioles done with replication Prophase nucleous begin to break down o DNA condense to form chromosome while the micro spindle enhance and connect to the chromosomes o Spindles move to the poles which creates a pull that propels the centrosomes towards the centers Metaphase cell o the chromosomes are aligned to the central plate of the Anaphase the microtubules shorten which separated the chromosomes into each chromatin o the unattached microtubules elongate which then stretch the cell Telophase o chromatids now called chromosomes reach poles of the cell the nuclear membranes form as nucleotide reappear DNA unwinds spindle fibers disintegrates Solutions Isotonic solutions outside to it Hypertonic solution o Retain their normal size o in the picture in equailibrium has a middle and o Cells contain a higher amount of concentration on solute on outside thus less water o Water then moves to outside of cell cell shrinks Hypotonic solution o Less concentration of solute on the inside of the cell thus less water in the cell o Cell expands Vesicular process Endocytosis o Pinocytosis cell eating o Phagocytosis use of vesicles o Repceptor mediated endocytosis
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