Exam 2 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ONLY Anatomy and Physiology 2 O Brien Multiple Choice All of the following are components of the respiratory system EXCEPT A person can exhale large quantities of CO2 yet has difficulty inhaling O2 This person most likely has A hypertension B emphysema C tuberculosis D IRV Normal breathing moves about mL of air per breath a nose thyroid b c trachea d bronchi e alveoli a 100 b 250 c 500 d 700 The total amount of exchangeable air is referred to as the a respiratory volume b c d dead space volume thoracic cavity volume tidal volume In inspiration the pressure in the lungs is a greater than atmospheric pressure less then atmospheric pressure b c the same as atmospheric pressure d has noting to do with atmospheric pressure Gas consumption of air is about a 45 nitrogen 55 Oxygen b 58 Nitrogen 42 Oxygen c 79 Nitrogen 21 Oxygen d 12 Nitrogen 88 Oxygen If your heart rate is down while your breathing rate is high a You are most likely an athlete b You are hyperventilating c Your body is not responding the correct way d None of the above e A and B only True False The upper airway is composed of the conducting zone and respiratory zone There is a lot of branching in the respiratory system in order to increase surface area flagella cells work to cleanse air by coughing Olfactory receptors are located on the mucosa inferior surface Respiratory mucosa helps trap incoming foreign particles severed palates separating the nasal and oral cavity could lead to not being able to smell a person is given a week supply of antibiotics for a sinus infection The thyroid cartilage is the smallest of the hyaline cartilages The epiglottis forms the Adam s Apple the trachea is a 2 foot long tube that connects the larynx with the bronchi Walls are reinforced with D shaped hyaline cartilage The trachea expels mucous loaded with dust and other debris away from the lungs The lungs occupy less then half of the thoracic cavity The Apex of the heat is near the sternum The base of the heart rests on the diaphragm The right lung has two lobes and the left lung has three The pleural fluid provides gliding to stop friction All passageways have reinforcing cartilage in their walls capillaries need to be connected by pores Diffusion from alveoli and blood is slow paced The membrane of the alveoli must be dry for exchange to occur Thick epithelial layers line the alveolar walls Lung compliance normal value is 3L cm H20 Elasticity of the lungs is an active process When the surface tension of the lungs is greater this means that they are less compliant Residual volume is also referred to as the dead space volume Volume changes lead to pressure changes which use gas to make the area inside the lungs higher pressure then outside Changes in volume directly relate to pressure affects Atmospheric pressure changes based on the elevation you are at During inspiration the curve is higher then atmospheric pressure contraction of inspiratory muscles create greater and faster decrease in volume of the thoracic cavity Expiration has a smaller volume and higher pressure The pressure of the pleural sac is higher then the lungs at all times Atmospheric pressure increases as altitude increases partial pressure of gasses is inversely related Partial pressure of gas depends on the fractional concentration of gasses Intrapleural pressure needs to be less than the atmospheric pressure in order to pull open the pleural sacs Intrapleural pressure is always positive under normal conditions The partial pressure of gas does not affect the amount of gas that goes into a solution External respiration includes the lungs In gas mixtures gas diffuses down partial pressure gradients from areas of high concentration to low Concentration of gasses changes at tissues CO2 goes down and O2 goes up Oxygen is extremely soluble in plasma 197mL of ventricular blood is transported by Hb the Level of CO2 in the lungs is low when you exhale Carbon dioxide has the same binding sites on Hb than those of oxygen when carried by RBCs For carbon to diffuse out of blood into the alveoli it must be released from its bicarbonate form Concentration is only one of the factors which changes the reaction of Carbonic Anhydrase The higher the CO2 concentration the lower the pH Leukocytes can convert carbon dioxide into bicarbonate which is a reversible action more acid make the pH higher The normal blood pH can rage from 7 22 7 49 Small changes in pH don t have a large affect on physiological occurrences Blood pH greater then 7 35 causes CNS depression and alkalosis The HCO3 to CO2 ratio is 20 to 1 Hyperventilation causes Apnea The pressure gradient needed for airflow is about 5mm Hg The pressure gradient needed for airflow in bronchoconstriction is less then 1 mm Hg Contractile constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle is extrinsic Oxygen leads to bronchodilation COPD stands for chronic oxidative phosphorylation disease Mucous in the lower passageways causes COPD Most COPD victims are hypoxic retain CO2 and have respiratory alkalosis COPD can lead to respiratory failure Lungs are fully inflated at birth In fetal hemoglobin alpha is replaced with a gamma subunit Deoxygenated blood has a reduced capacity for CO2 Oxygen increase the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide High pH increases the activation of oxygen in the Bohr effect Metabolic rate decreases temperature Increase in temperature allows for better Hb affinity to O2 Decrease affinity increases oxygen unloading in tissue Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide has a very low solubility in plasma It is very easy for CO to cross though a membrane barrier Chemoreceptors detect blood levels of O2 and CO2 If CO2 changes there is no affect on ventilation Fill In the Blank are the air passages of the head and neck The respiratory tract runs from the though out the lung An air passageway consists of mL volume which is dead space volume We air temperature to body temperature Respiratory mucosa s function is to air are used to increase surface area and sir turbulence within the nasal cavity are cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity called sinuses is the superior passage from the nasal cavity to the larynx and are common passageways for food and air The plays a role in speech The is a spoon shaped flap like elastic cartilage The is lined with ciliated mucosa which beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air The volume of interpleural
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