Exam One Study Guide Introduction A What is anatomy What is physiology Anatomy the study of the function of parts of the human body Physiology the study of structure in the human body B Anatomical position 4 characteristics 1 Palms facing out 2 Body erect 3 Feet apart 4 Thumbs point away from body C Planes Dissections o Frontal i Vertical cut seperates the body into front and back i Horizontal cut divides body into top bottom o Transverse o Sagittal i Vertical cut divides body into left and right regions D Cavities o Ventral 2 subdivisions i Thorasic region ii Abdominopelvic region o Dorsal 2 subdivisions i Vertebral region ii Cranial region o Compartmentalization E Levels of structural organization 6 o Chemical o Cellular o Tissues o Organ o Organ system o Organism F Homeostasis regarless of outside enviornment o Negative feedback i Idea of organs having separate compartments in the body cavity each organ surrounded and protected by fluid layers Structure is outer wall some medium s air space inner way o A state when the body is stable and all organs systems are healthy and working properly i Way body reacts when environment changes as to maintain homeostasis works in a constant loop stimulus receptor sensor control center effector o Imbalance Disease state i When homeostasis cannot be maintained we get sick Chapter 2 Chemical Level lowest level A Structure of an atom a Protons positively charged ATOMIC b Neutrons neutral c Electrons negative i Orbitals following orbitals ii Valence shell and stability B 3 types of chemical bonds o Covalent Polar and Non polar B Regions around the nucleus which electrons can be 2e first orbital up to 8e in all B Valence shell is outermost shell or orbital can be partically filled or full of e a full valence shell is most stable and non reactive a partially filled valence shell is unstable and reactive SHARE electrons between 2 atoms to make stable atoms with full octets POLAR shared EQUALLY nonpolar shared UNEQUALLY o Ionic bonds Cation and Anion o Hydrogen bonds Weakest GIVE electrons away to stronger atom CATION positive anion negative bonds between water molecules polar covalent weak bond gives water its unique properties C Water Polar covalent equal sharing molecule o Universal solvent o High heat capacity o High heat of vaporization o For cushioning D Acids and Bases a Higher the pH the lower the H lower the H the higher the pH b Acids substances that RELEASE H i pH Negative log H ii Blood pH 7 35 7 45 c Bases substances that ACCEPT H d Buffers i Example blood ii Resist abrupt change in pH by binding or releasing H ions Organic Compounds Covalently bonded Carbon E Carbohydrates a Monosaccharide i Hexose glucose fructose galactose ii Pentose deoxyribose ribose b Disaccharides i Maltose grain sugar glucose and glucose ii Sucrose table sugar glucose and fructose iii Lactose milk sugar glucose and galactose 1 Lactose intolerance c Polysacchardies i Storage form of glucose 1 starch in plant cells 2 GLYCOGEN in animal cells F Lipids a Hydrophobic insoluble in water b Fatty Acids 1 Saturated and unsaturated c Lipoproteins a unsaturated double carbon bond or more liquid at room temp plant b saturated single covalent bonds among carbons solid at room temp source olive oil animal source butter a vLDL b LDL Bad Why Sticks to walls of arteries can clog up c HDL Good Why Carries LDL away from artery walls 2 Need cholesterol 2 functions a Production of hormones b Structural part of cells c Digestion d Phospholipids G Proteins i Polar heads Non polar tails e Steroids derived from cholesterol f Eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acids a Amino acids Essential and Non essential i Essential ingested in the diet ii Synthesized in the body b Amphoteric Why i Can act as both an acid and a base c 4 structure levels i primary structure ii secondary structure tertiary structure iii iv quaternary structure d 2 Classes of Proteins linear polypeptide chain indicates type position of amino acids 2 types alpha helix and beta pleated sheet more folding creates 3D globular molecule 2 polypeptide chains held together by disulfide bond i Fibrous proteins insoluble in water STRUCTURAL extended strand like shape ii Globular Proteins soluble in water sensitive to temp and pH FUNCTIONAL compact H Nucleic Acids ball like shape a RNA single strand AGCU nucleus cytoplasm b DNA double helix AGCT nucleus Cellular Level 3 main parts of cell i plasma membrane lipid bilayer 1 2 FLUID MOSAIC MODEL 3 Cholesterol structure 4 2 types of plasma membrane proteins Purposes a Integral proteins i TRANSMEMBRANE proteins ii Let things in and out of cell b Peripheral proteins i Act as receptors on outside of membrane 5 GLYCOCALYX Immunity against disease a Protects b c Defense against cancer d Transplant compatibility e Cell adhesion 6 3 Membrane Junctions Nicknames Where in body a Tight junction integral proteins in adjacent cells fuse together creating an impermeable junction most common in body ex epidermis blood brain barrier b Desmosome hold known as anchoring junction ex cardiac muscle linker proteins on membrane surface connect and create a c Gap junction formed by hollow cylinders called connexons allowing for rapid lateral transfer of ions btwn cells aka communicating junction ex cardiac muscle smooth muscle 7 MEMBRANE TRANSPORT a Passive process NO energy b Active Processes energy required o Simple diffusion o Facilitated diffusion substances move down concentration gradient substances moved down concentration gradient facilitated by integral proteins specificity and saturation exhibited because of ion channels low presure diffusion of water low solute to high solute movement of substance from area of high pressure to o Osmosis o Filtration o Active transport movement of ions against the concentration gradient mediated by integral proteins ion channels aka solute pumping exhibits specificity and saturation ex sodium potassium pump o Vesicular transport 1 Exocytosis moving substance out of cell 2 endocytosis ii pinocystosis i phagocytosis movement of particles from outside movement of particles into the cells the cell to inside the cell to be digested and destroyed part of immune system by enclosing particles in vesicles substances into cell based on specific receptors exhibits specificity and saturation ex LDL steroidogenic cells bringing iii receptor mediated endocytosis 3 Endocytosis and Exocytosis i Transcytosis substances in the blood inside capillaries can be moved through the
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