2 3 12 The concentration of hydrogen ions determines the acidity of the solution An increase in hydrogen ions means an increase of acidity of the solution which results in a decreased pH pH log H pH is inversely proportional to the concentration of hydrogen ions increased acidity means a lower pH the stomach is very acidic it has a pH of 1 3 Bases are proton hydrogen ion acceptors Blood pH is strictly maintained between 7 35 and 7 45 it s a very narrow window This pH is critical for the optimal function of enzymes Lower than 7 35 Acidosis Higher than 7 45 Alkalosis Changes in blood pH are prevented by the actions of chemicals referred to as buffers Buffer system consists of 2 components 1 component accepts protons and 1 component donates protons How a buffer system responds to a drop in blood pH Bugger system responded by binding protons to raise the blood pH back into normal range How a buffer system responds to an increase in blood pH Buffer system will respond by releasing protons into blood to decrease blood pH back into normal range Salts are ionic compounds Salts in water will disassociate into cations and anions These ions in solutions are referred to as electrolytes they mediate many physiological processes Organic compound Covalently link carbon chain as the backbone 4 organic compounds in the body Carbohydrates Monosaccharides building blocks for the other 2 types Disaccharides formed by the combo of 2 types of hexose sugars Maltose glucose glucose Sucrose glucose fructose Lactose glucose galactose Polysaccharides storage forms of glucose in plant and animal cells Plants starch what we ingest Animal cells glycogen an important form of energy Function of Carbs in the body 1 2 of mass of a cell is composed of carbohydrates a glucose is the primary cellular fuel for energy production Cells catabolize glucose via glycolysis to produce energy b Pentose sugars form part of the back bone of nucleic acids c Glucose attached to lipids glycolipids or proteins glycoproteins Glycolipids and glycoproteins are present on the surface of cells and act as signal molecules or molecular markers A glycolipid and glycoprotein rich area on the surface of the plasma membrane of the cells is called the glycocalyx The pattern arrangement of glucose in the glycocalyx is unique for each cell type Changes in the pattern of glucose in the glycocalyx are indicative of the cells turning carncerous d glycogen acts as a storage form of energy the body can store up to 500 600g if glycogen Any access glucose is turned into fat a process called lipogenesis
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