Introduction Anatomy Physiology Defined Ch 1 8 31 Human Anatomy Physiology Human KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FOR GROUP SEX Kingdom Animalia EXAM 1 9 26 Mon top grouping Phylum Chordata animals with spinal cords warm blooded animal who bears its young live includes humans all apes monkeys gorillas etc include man his closest cousins chimps gorillas Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens Homo sapiens Wise Man Anatomy Defined anatomy study of the parts of the body how they relate to each other subdivisions in the fields of anatomy family of man including our extinct predecessors Homo erectus and the neanderthals gross or macroscropic antomy study of large body parts visible to the naked eye regional anatomy all structures in particular region of the body systemic anatomy structures of the body are studied by the systems microscropic anatomy very small structures that can t be viewed with naked eye structures viewed by aid of microscope cytology cells viewed by aid of microscrope histology tissues viewed by aid of micrscrope developmental anatomy structural changes ex growth that occur in the body throughout the life span comparative anatomy taking two anatomies comparing Anatomy Study Success 1 Observation 2 Manipulation 3 Mastery of Anatomical Terms Language of Anatomy Orientation Directional Terms ventral dorsal OR anterior posterior not interchangeable The Human Body An Orientation Body in anatomical position erect feet slightly apart palms face forward thumbs point away from body 3 Body Planes Sections frontal coronal plane a vertical cut that divides the body in anterior posterior parts sagittal plane a vertical cut that divides the body into right left parts midsagittal plane a sagittal cut exactly on the midline that divides the body into EQUAL right left parts parasagittal plane a sagittal cut not on the midline that divides the body into UNEQUAL right left parts transverse or cross sectional plane a horizational cut that divides the body into superior inferior parts Fundamental Concepts Levels of Structural Organization Ch 1 Compartmentalization each organ in the body cavity is surrounded by its own membrane dorsal body cavity composed of cranial cavity houses the brain meninges membranes surrounding the organs in the dorsal body cavity 9 2 vertebral cavity houses the spinal cord ventral body cavity larger than the dorsal body cavity divided into the surperior thoracic cavity inferior abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm skeletal muscle serous membranes surround organs in the ventral body cavity Advantages of Compartmentalization 1 prevents the spread of infection from one organ to the other int he same body cavity 2 prevents interference of the functioning of each organ by neighboring organs in the same body cavity Physiology physiology study of the function of the body s parts systemic physiology study of the functin of the systems of the body homeostasis 11 organ systems in the human body all 11 work in unison to sustain human body principle of complementarity of structure function structure defines function 11 Organ Systems Integumentary system skeletal system muscular system nervous system endocrine system cardiovascular system lymphatic system respiratory system digestive system urinary system reproductive system Levels of Structural Organization chemical level atoms combined to from molecules cellular level cells are made up of molecules tissue level tissues consist of similar types of cells organ level organs are made up of different types of tissues organ system level organ systems consists of different organs that work together closely organismal level human organism is made up of many organ systems Homeostasis maintenance of a relatively stable internal conditions even though the external environment is changing homeostatic imblances diseases established by 2 regulatory organ systems nervous system endocrine system fact acting short lived ionized slow acting generally long lived long lasting global symptom objective how you feel sign what you see Chemical Composition of Cells Ch 2 Structural Organization in the Human Body 6 structural levels lowest level chemical level biochemical reaction occurring in the body Composition of Matter matter anything that occupies spcae has mass composed of elements each elemen is composed of identical atoms atoms building blocks of life referred to as the physiological processes necessary to sustain life 112 elements most of body s weight is made up of 4 major elements 96 of human body carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen 9 2 Structure of an Atom each atom is composed of 3 subatomic particles 1 protons charged subatomic particles located in the atomic nucleus center of atom atomic of protons in an atom 2 neutrons uncharged subatomic particles located inside atomic nucleus therefore overall charge of atomic nucleus is 3 electrons charged subatomic particles located in orbits shells surrounding atomic nucleus in an atom of protons electrons therefore overall charge of an atom is 0 electrically neutral Atomic Orbits Shells electrons are located arranged in orbits shells in a specific manner first shell can accomodate max 2 electrons closest to atomic nucleus second shell can accomodate max 8 electrons third shell can accomodate max 18 electrons however atom is stable w 8 electrons The Octet Rule valence shell outermost shell in atom valence electrons electrons in valence shells if valence shell of atom doesn t contain the max of electrons atom is unstable chemically reactive Chemically Inert Chemically Reactive Elements inert elements atoms w their valence shells complete have max of electrons therefore chemically inert unreactive noble gases chemically reactive elements atoms w incomplete valence shells are therefore unstable reactive achieve stability by forming chemical bonds w other atoms using their valence electrons formation of molecules compounds 9 7 molecule typically involves the same atoms compounds typically involves different atoms 3 Types of Chemical Bonds covalent bonds electrons are shared between atoms to attain stability nonpolar covalent bond electrons shared equally b t atoms involved ex CO2 polar covalent bond electrons shared unequally ex H2O electronegative atom one atom pulls shared electrons closer to itself ionic bonds involve complete transfer of electron from one atom to another resulting in ions electropositive atom other atom ex O ex H forms between cations anions opposites
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