BSCI 201 Review Sheet Final Exam FINAL EXAM THURSDAY MAY 16th 2013 FROM 8AM 10AM IN 1101 BRB IN THE LECTURE HALL The Nervous System CNS and PNS 1 Define the following specialized ER protein synthesis intermediate filaments provide tensile strength bundles of neuron cell bodies in the PNS bundles of neuron cell bodies in the CNS cluster of axons in the CNS cluster of axons in the PNS end of axons form synapses stores neurotransmitters external surface of schwann cells houses nucleus and a Nissl body b Neurofilaments c Ganglia d Nuclei e Tract f Nerve g Axonal terminals h Neurilemma cytoplasm i Nodes of Ranvier j Endoneurium k Perineurium fascicles l Epineurium gaps in the myelin sheath delicate CT surrounds neuron fibers axons coarse CT surrounds bundles of neuron fibers forming tough CT surrounds bundles of fascicles 2 Which part of a neuron is known as the a Biosynthetic center b Receptive center dendrites cell body 3 Name and describe the function of all 6 types of supporting cells a CNS b PNS i Microglia ii Astrocytes iii Oligodendrocytes iv Ependymal cells defensive cells act as phagocytes control chemical environment surrounding neuron myelinate extensions of the axon circulate cerebrospinal fluid i Schwann cells ii Satellite cells myelinate extensions of axons surround cell body 4 Explain why myelinated axons in the CNS do not regenerate when severed i Microglia cannot efficiently clean up damaged area a No debridement b No Neurilemma i No regeneration tube c Growth inhibiting protein i Inhibits regeneration 5 Explain why impulses are conducted faster in a larger myelinated axon than in a smaller unmyelinated axon a Larger diameter and myelinated axons increase the rate of impulse transmission because there is more conductivity and because the conduction is salutatory 6 Describe the a Depolarization phase of an action potential i Na enters the cell b Repolarization phase of an action potential i K enters the cell 7 What are the absolute and relative refractory periods in an action potential in depolarization phase neuron cannot conduct another action a Absolute potential b Relative potential is the given a strong stimulus in repolarization phase neuron can conduct another action 8 Name and describe the 3 structural classes of neurons a Unipolar i Single process ii Ganglion cells iii Afferent b Bipolar i Two processes ii Ear eye c Multipolar i Many processes ii Motor neurons iii Pyramidal cells 9 Name and describe the 3 functional classes of neurons a Sensory afferent i Unipolar ii Carries current towards CNS from skin sensory organs b Motor efferent i Multipolar ii Carries current away from CNS to organs muscles glands c Interneurons i Conducts impulses within CNS 10 Name and describe the 3 categories types of nerve fibers which type has the fastest conduction velocity and why a Group A i Largest diameter ii Heavily myelinated iii Motor neurons iv Fastest impulse transmission b Group B i Medium diameter ii Medium impulse transmission iii Preganglionic autonomic fibers iv Medium myelinated c Group C i Smallest diameter ii Un myelinated iii Postganglionic autonomic fibers iv Slow impulse transmission The Brain 1 Name the 3 structures protecting the brain a Cranium b Meninges c Cerebrospinal fluid 2 Name and describe the 3 meninges a Dura Mater i Outer most layer ii Periosteal layer 1 Attached to bone iii Meningeal layer 1 Projects into fissures b Arachnoid Mater i Middle layer ii Delicate layer c Pia Mater i Deepest layer ii Thin layer iii Helps nourish brain and spinal cord 3 Give the function of the CSF a Cushions the brain b Provides nutrients and buoyancy to the brain c Removes metabolic wastes 4 Define the following a Septum pellucidum i Connects lateral ventricles together b Interventricular foramen i Connects lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle c Cerebral aqueduct i Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles 5 Give the locations of a Lateral ventricle i Cerebral hemispheres b Third ventricle i Diencephalon c Fourth ventricle i Brainstem 6 Name the supporting cells that lined the ventricles 7 Name the 4 regions of the adult brain a Cerebrum b Cerebellum c Brainstem d Diencephalon 8 Cerebrum define a Gyrus b Sulcus c Fissure d Corpus callosum together e Gray matter f White matter g Commissural tracts hemispheres corpus callosum h Projection tracts pyramidal tracts i Association tracts fasciculate 9 What type of tracts are a Corpus callosum b Arcuate fasciculate c Pyramidal tracts commissural association projection elevated ridges on surface of cerebrum shallow grooves deeper grooves commissural tract holds right and left hemispheres unmyelinated structures of neurons conscious thought myelinated tracts that send impulses to and from the cortex connects corresponding areas in cerebral connects cerebrum to lower part of brain and spinal cord connects areas within the same hemisphere arcuate 10 Name the 5 lobes in a cerebral hemisphere Which lobe cannot be viewed on the external surface of the cerebral hemisphere a Frontal b Parietal c Occipital d Temporal e Insula cannot be viewed from the surface 11 Name the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex i Controls voluntary skeletal movement ii Frontal lobe i Conscious awareness of sensation a Motor b Sensory c Association i Integrate and interpret sensory impulses from sensory areas 12 Name the 3 types of tracts in the cerebral white matter The corpus callosum is considered to be an example of which type of tract a Commissural i Corpus callosum ii Connects corresponding areas of the cerebral hemispheres b Projection c Association i Connects the cerebrum to lower parts of the brain and spinal cord ii Pyramidal tracts iii Corticospinal tracts i Connects parts of the same hemisphere ii Arcuate fasciculate 13 Name the 3 main cerebral basal nuclei a Caudate b Putamen c Globus pallidus 14 Define a Lentiform nucleus i Putamen globus pallidus b Corpus striatum i Lentiform nucleus caudate 15 What causes Parkinson s disease 16 What is the consequence if a The precentral gyrus in the left cerebral hemisphere is destroyed i Stroke in the right side of the body b The postcentral gyrus in the right cerebral hemisphere is destroyed i Stroke on the left side of the body Spinal Cord 1 Define a Conus medullaris i End of spinal cord b Filum terminale i Anchors spinal cord vertically to coccyx ii Fibrous extensions from conus medullaris c Epidural space d Subdural space e Subarachnoid space i Space between spinal dural sheath and vertebral column i
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