BSCI 201 Review Sheet Exam I 1 Define anatomy physiology and homeostasis Anatomy the study of the parts of the body and how they relate to each other Physiology the study of the function of the body s parts Systemic physiology study of the function of the systems of the body 11 organ systems in the human body that work in unison to sustain the human body a state referred to as homeostasis Homeostasis maintenance of a relatively stable internal condition even though the external environment is changing Homeostatic imbalance DISEASES corrected by the nervous and endocrine system All systems beside the reproductive system are considered the maintenance organ systems 2 Explain the statement structure defines function Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function The structure of cells and their subcellular components dictate the functions of cells the biochemical reactions occurring in a cell are dictated by the subcellular structures present in the cell Theme of Compartmentalization each organ has its own compartment to prevent interference from neighboring organs prevents spread of infection from one organ to another in same body cavity and holds the organs in their right anatomical position 3 2 Body cavities a Dorsal cavity consists of the cranial and vertebral cavities brain and spine surrounded by meninges b Ventral cavity consists of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities heart lungs pelvis bladder reproductive organs digestive viscera etc separated by the diaphragm surrounded by serous membrane In the abdominopelvic cavity serous membrane is called the peritoneal sac and those surrounded by it are called intraperitoneal organs those not surrounded by it i e kidneys and pancreas are called retroperitoneal organs 4 Levels of structural organization define each level What is an organism 1 Chemical Level atoms combine to form molecules 2 Cellular Level cells are made up of molecules 3 Tissue Level tissues consist of similar types of cells 4 Organ Level organs are made up with different types of tissues to perform a specific function 5 Organ System Level organ systems are composed of different organs that work closely together 6 Organismal Level the human organism is made up of 11 organ systems The chemical level 5 Define protons neutrons electrons atomic number Protons positively charged subatomic particles located in the center of the atom known as the atomic nucleus referred to as the Atomic Number Neutrons uncharged subatomic particles located inside the atomic nucleus which means the nucleus is always positive Electrons negatively charged subatomic particles located in orbits shells surrounding the nucleus 6 What is the overall charge of the atomic nucleus Overall Charge of nucleus Positive 7 What is the net charge of an atom Net Charge 0 8 Define the 3 types of chemical bonds discussed and give the order of increasing bond strength from the strongest to the weakest Which one is stronger a polar covalent bond or nonpolar covalent bond Give an example of a polar covalent molecule Covalent Bonds electrons shared between atoms Nonpolar equal sharing O2 N2 Polar unequal sharing H2O electronegative atom O pulls electropositive atom H towards itself Ionic Bonds electrons completely transferred atoms lose or gain an electron i e Na and Cl NaCl Hydrogen Bonds a weak intra or intermolecular bond that forms between electropositive hydrogen atoms and an electronegative ion forms when polar covalent bonds are present 9 Define ions cations and anions Ions charged particles resulting from the loss or gain of electrons Cation atom donating electron Anion atom accepting electron 10 Inorganic compounds Water universal solvent Acids proton donors Bases proton acceptors What are salts Salts are ionic compounds that dissociate completely in water to give cations and anions i e NaCl or KCl Inorganic compounds do not contain a carbon based chain i e CO2 or CO 11 Organic compounds a Carbohydrates Define monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides Functions 1 Glucose provides substrate for catabolism to yield energy 2 Form part of structures called glycolipids and glycoproteins which act as signal molecules on the surface of the cells 3 Form structural framework for organic compounds such as nucleic acids pentose sugars Monosaccharides either hexose sugars glucose fructose or galactose or pentose sugars deoxyribose or ribose Disaccharides combination of hexose sugars Maltose glucose glucose Lactose glucose galactose Sucrose glucose fructose Polysaccharides long branched chain of glucose not sweet insoluble in water important for it to be storage molecule Glycogen storage form of glucose in animal cells glycogen stored by hepatocytes in liver cells and by skeletal muscle fibers there is a limit to glycogen storage in the body 600 g if there is too much stored this will create an osmotic gradient and will draw water into the cells and the cells will lyse Starch storage form of glucose in plant cells b Define each of the 4 structural levels of proteins At what structural level of proteins do we have the alpha helix and the Beta pleated sheets Proteins contain an amine group NH2 and an acidic group COOH joined together by a peptide bond there are essential and nonessential amino acids synthesized in body 1 Primary Structure primary sequence includes type and position of amino acids which determine structure function Sickle Cell Anemia position of 6 a a switched of the beta chains of hemoglobin caused decrease in binding of oxygen and delivering it to tissues 2 Secondary Structure primary structure modified into 2 types of secondary structures alpha helix and beta pleated sheets alpha helix coiling of the primary chain and is stabilized by hydrogen bonds formed btw NH and CO groups in the primary amino acid chain beta pleated sheets the primary chain is linked side by side by hydrogen bonds to form pleated structure 3 Tertiary Structure achieved when alpha helical or beta pleated regions of the polypeptide chain fold upon one another to produce a ball like globular molecule It is referred to as the 3D structure of proteins some proteins attain this structure 4 Quaternary Structure two or four primary structures of proteins required formed by disulfide binds that occur in cysteine amino acids very few proteins attain this structure c Name the 2 classes of proteins 1 Fibrous Structural Proteins extend strand like insoluble in water form structural framework of cells tend to be resistant to
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