Bilingualism z English is second language for 32 million Americans 3 10 2009 1 3 10 2009 2 Immigrants in the United States Are monolingual speakers of their native language z Develop bilingualism as they acquire English z Establish English speaking households z Raise their children as English speaking monolinguals Pease Alveraz 1993 z 3 3 10 2009 Long term Bilingualism z According to survey data even Spanish a language thought to be particularly enduring in the United States seldom lasts beyond the second or third generation Pease Alveraz 1993 Why do you think this occurs 3 10 2009 4 Cognitive Advantages of Bilingualism Greater cognitive flexibility z Higher self esteem z Greater meta linguistic awareness z Potential improved IQ scores z 3 10 2009 5 SCHOOLING THE THREE Rs AND MORE OF MIDDLE CHILDHOOD 3 10 2009 6 Reading Learning to Decode Meaning Behind Words z No other task that is more fundamental to schooling than learning to read z Reading involves significant number of skills 3 10 2009 7 What was the first book you remember reading 3 10 2009 8 How Should We Teach Reading z Disagreement about nature of mechanisms by which information is processed during reading Code based approaches Whole language approaches z 3 10 2009 National Reading Panel and National Research Council support reading instruction using codebased approaches 9 Educational Trends Beyond the Three Rs z U S schools are experiencing return to educational fundamentals embodied in traditional three Rs z Elementary school classrooms today stress individual accountability both for teachers and students 3 10 2009 10 Are We Pushing Too Hard From Research to Practice z z No Child Left Behind Act Outcomes Frequent testing commonplace Student scores related to federal funding Reading instruction sometimes replaces recess and other activities Increase in amount of homework Some children burn out 11 3 10 2009 Is extra homework worth the cost z z z z 3 10 2009 Time spent on homework is associated with greater academic achievement in secondary school Relationship gets less strong for the lower grades below grade 5 the relationship disappears For older children more homework is not necessarily better Some research indicates that benefits of homework may reach plateau beyond which additional time spent on homework produces no further benefits 12 The social and emotional development of children are taking a back seat to literacy education Do you agree 13 3 10 2009 Developmental Diversity Multicultural Education 3 10 2009 14 Cultural Assimilation or Pluralistic Society Cultural assimilation model z Pluralistic society model z 15 3 10 2009 Fostering a Bicultural Identity z School systems encourage children to maintain their original cultural identities while they integrate themselves into dominant culture z More contemporary approaches emphasize a bicultural strategy in which children are encouraged to maintain simultaneous membership in more than one culture 3 10 2009 16 Intelligence Determining Individual Strengths 17 3 10 2009 Intelligence z z 3 10 2009 Intelligence problem solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to life s everyday experiences Interest in intelligence has often focused on individual differences and assessment Individual differences the stable consistent ways in which people are different from each other 18 Historic Assessments of Intelligence z z Binet and Simon in France in 1904 developed an intelligence test to meet the need to devise a method of identifying children who were unable to learn in school Binet developed the concept of mental age MA an individual s level of mental development relative to others 19 3 10 2009 z In 1912 William Stern created the concept of intelligence quotient IQ a person s mental age divided by his her chronological age CA z Revisions to the Binet test are called the Stanford Binet tests because revisions were made at Stanford University IQ MA CA 100 statistical definition of intelligence A normal or gaussian distribution shows a symmetrical curve with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and fewer and fewer scores in the extremes of the range 3 10 2009 20 3 10 2009 21 Generational Changes The Flynn Effect 3 10 2009 22 Intelligence Benchmarks z Binet s Test Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales Fifth Edition SB5 z Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fourth Edition WISC IV z Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children 2nd Edition KABC II 3 10 2009 23 Alternative Conceptions of Intelligence Spearman s g z Catell fluid and crystallized intelligence z Gardner 8 intelligences z Sternberg triarchic theory of intelligence z 3 10 2009 24
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