Critical Thinkers the system needs to change Kant as a revolutionist Marx Lenin Luxemberg Critical Theory Critical Feminist theories Marxism and Neomarxism Purpose of Transformation Confrontationalists confront the system and them become part of the system Disassociational create an entirely new system of governance and power authority e g North Korea is confrontational Marxism and Neomarxism A communist society would not now war force or repression There will be no exploitation of one person by another no social injustice no degradation or oppression Michael Harrington in Socialism Soviet communism and that practiced by its allies had tyrannized its subjects and slaughtered them in tens of millions For decades past in the Soviet Empire any allusion to avowed aims of communist Marx View on change economic development is critical but must be owned by all not just the owners changes in the modes of production are critical to allow for social justice workers aware of their exploitation and alienation political consciousness class struggle estrangement from the process that produces goods Marx s view of Capitalist Society Substructure class economic and technology structure Superstructure government Alienation all citizens at mercy of structures and forces created by society Humans self creative and best in a collective Capitalist Society two conditions Exploitation economic elites control profit from labor power of others Estrangement economic forces separating national and cultural groups capitalism will destroy itself William Morris Society of the Future Monopoly must come to an end no surrender of wealth to the owners Freedom and cultivation of the individual will Shaking off the slavish dependence on technology Artists workers must own their work critical of industrialization and the exploitation of workers and the estrangement of workers from what they produce Other transformational movements that combine socialism nationalism and utopianism liberation theology socialism meets the Bible Jesus represents the poor the Bible inspires movements trying to transform Latin american society third world socialist movements and anti colonial campaigns dependency theory self reliance movements anarchists all kinds of authority should be eliminated Third World Socialists Kwame Nkrumanh and Julius Nyerere break away from colonial past NIEO New International Economic Order self reliance and Nationalism anti capitalism socialism but not USSR Economic Development Plans rejection of either or debates free trade capitalism or socialism needs of each country must be considered economics politics and cultural factors must be considered reduce dependency reduce export driven economy focus on local needs Feminist Theories scholars and practitioners both reform voices and transformers IN IR feminist voices gained recognition in the 1980s Cynthia Enloe no on noticed the women were mission in IR discussion Ann Tickner Critical and emancipatory Tickner feminist theory is ceitical and emancipatory seeking to transform unequal power relationships between men and women Expand the discipline of IR where are the women and others on the margin Typically feminist research questions have to do with the investigating how the international system and the global economy contribute to the subordination of women and other subjugated groups Gender is both socially and culturally constructed Tickner power rationality autonomy and the public sphere are associated with masculinity while weakness emotions and the private or househole spehere are considered feminine ideas often used to subjugate women and others Feminist Assumptions not useful to separate public and private domestic and global spheres consider different dimensions of policy take women s experiences seriously add their words and deeds to IR studies consider how globalization may result in the exploitation of women be curious about those without power and influence remember that the personal is political and the political is personal
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