Critical Thinkers: the system needs to change- Kant as a revolutionist- Marx, Lenin, Luxemberg…> Critical Theory> Critical Feminist theories> Marxism and NeomarxismPurpose of Transformation- Confrontationalists: confront the system and them become part of the system- Disassociational: create an entirely new system of governance and power-authority> e.g. North Korea is confrontationalMarxism and Neomarxism- A communist society would not now war, force or repression. There will be no exploitation of one person by another, no social injustice , no degradation or oppressionMichael Harrington in Socialism- Soviet communism and that practiced by its allies had tyrannized its subjects, and slaughtered them in tens of millions- For decades past, in the Soviet Empire, any allusion to avowed aims of communist…Marx View on change:- economic development is critical but must be owned by all not just the owners- changes in the modes of production are critical to allow for social justice- workers: aware of their exploitation and alienation > political consciousness > class struggle > estrangement from the process that produces goodsMarx’s view of Capitalist Society- Substructure: class & economic and technology structure- Superstructure: government- Alienation: all citizens at mercy of structures and forces created by society- Humans self-creative and best in a collectiveCapitalist Society: two conditions- Exploitation: economic elites control & profit from labor & power of others- Estrangement: economic forces separating national and cultural groups- capitalism will destroy itselfWilliam Morris: Society of the Future- Monopoly must come to an end; no surrender of wealth to the owners- Freedom and cultivation of the individual will- Shaking off the slavish dependence on technology- Artists & workers must own their work> critical of industrialization and the exploitation of workers and the estrangement of workers from what they produceOther transformational movements that combine socialism, nationalism and utopianism- liberation theology: socialism meets the Bible (Jesus represents the poor; the Bible inspires movements; trying to transform Latin-american society)- third world socialist movements and anti-colonial campaigns- dependency theory- self-reliance movements- anarchists (all kinds of authority should be eliminated)Third World Socialists- Kwame Nkrumanh and Julius Nyerere- break away from colonial past - NIEO New International Economic Order- self-reliance and Nationalism- anti-capitalism- socialism but not USSREconomic Development Plans- rejection of either/or debates: free trade capitalism or socialism; needs of each country must be considered- economics, politics and cultural factors must be considered- reduce dependency: reduce export driven economy; focus on local needsFeminist Theories- scholars and practitioners: both reform voices and transformers- IN IR feminist voices gained recognition in the 1980s- Cynthia Enloe: no on noticed the women were mission in IR discussion- Ann Tickner: Critical and emancipatory- Tickner: “feminist theory is ceitical and emancipatory seeking to transform unequal power relationships between men and women”- Expand the discipline of IR: where are the women and others on the margin?- Typically, feminist research questions have to do with the investigating how the international system and the global economy contribute to the subordination of women and other subjugated groups- Gender is both socially and culturally constructed- Tickner: power, rationality, autonomy and the public sphere are associated with masculinity while weakness, emotions and the private or househole spehere are considered feminine; ideas often used to subjugate women and othersFeminist Assumptions- not useful to separate public and private/domestic and global spheres- consider different dimensions of policy- take women’s experiences seriously: add their words and deeds to IR studies- consider how globalization may result in the exploitation of women- be curious about those without power and influence- remember that the personal is political and the political is personal- Critical Thinkers: the system needs to change- Kant as a revolutionist- Marx, Lenin, Luxemberg…> Critical Theory> Critical Feminist theories> Marxism and Neomarxism- Purpose of Transformation- Confrontationalists: confront the system and them become part of the system- Disassociational: create an entirely new system of governance and power-authority> e.g. North Korea is confrontational- Marxism and Neomarxism- A communist society would not now war, force or repression. There will be no exploitation of one person by another, no social injustice , no degradation or oppression- Michael Harrington in Socialism- Soviet communism and that practiced by its allies had tyrannized its subjects, and slaughtered them in tens of millions- For decades past, in the Soviet Empire, any allusion to avowed aims of communist…- Marx View on change:- economic development is critical but must be owned by all not just the owners- changes in the modes of production are critical to allow for social justice- workers: aware of their exploitation and alienation > political consciousness > class struggle > estrangement from the process that produces goods- Marx’s view of Capitalist Society- Substructure: class & economic and technology structure- Superstructure: government- Alienation: all citizens at mercy of structures and forces created by society- Humans self-creative and best in a collective- Capitalist Society: two conditions- Exploitation: economic elites control & profit from labor & power of others- Estrangement: economic forces separating national and cultural groups- capitalism will destroy itself- William Morris: Society of the Future- Monopoly must come to an end; no surrender of wealth to the owners- Freedom and cultivation of the individual will- Shaking off the slavish dependence on technology- Artists & workers must own their work> critical of industrialization and the exploitation of workers and the estrangement of workers from what they produce- Other transformational movements that combine socialism, nationalism and utopianism- liberation theology: socialism meets the Bible (Jesus represents the poor; the Bible inspires movements; trying to transform Latin-american society)- third world socialist movements and anti-colonial campaigns- dependency theory- self-reliance movements- anarchists (all kinds of