Neorealism: Waltz and John Mearsheimer, LiberalismWhat would a Morgenthau foreign policy sextant look like?Are his ideas still relevant?Realist Sextant- moderation, prudence and not universal morality- the desire to dominate is a constituent element of all human associations: still relevant?Neorealism- called structural realism and security neorealism (Mearsheimer and Jervis)- 5 differences with more traditional Realism:1 - inductive to deductive theory - structure of system2 - wider definitions of power3 - anarchy - the structure of the system - defines all state behavior4 - less focus on self - interest and the nature of human behavior as key variable to explain state behavior5 - rational choice emphasis - max benefits/minimizes costsMearsheimer: Security Neorealism (The Tragedy of Great Powers)- security policy side: offensive - Mearsheimer> increase relative power expand and improve position in world> wary of all states> seek hegemony and opportunities to gain power> goal to seek relative and absolute powerMearsheimer’s assumptions (same as Thucydides?)- anarchy - no common power- great powers have enough offensive power to hurt or destroy each other- no state can be certain about the intentions of other states- survival is the primary goal of great powers- great powers are rational actors - seeking to max power both absolute and relativeNeorealism: another neorealist security view- DEFENSIVE - Jervis, Snyder> more concerned with absolute power> preserve balance of power act defensively> cooperation likely among friends> possible to create security institutions/regimes that maintain balance of powerFor defensive Realists, the international structure provides states with little incentive to seek additional increments…Offensive Realists seek to enhance power at the expense of rivals. A state’s ultimate goal is to be hegemon in the system. (John Mearsheimer)> Is the US a hegemony? depends on worldviewSummary of Realist Tradition- view of humankind?- ideal state? priorities- view of power?- view of system?- chances for cooperation- role of war and coercive force?Liberalism - Grotian Tradition1 - Commercial Liberalism: capitalism> Adam Smith and Jeremy Bentham, even Kant: trade will lead to peace and good relations> Avoid economic nationalism or neo-mercantalism> WWI: trade restrictions “beggar thy neighbor” lead to war2 - Republican Liberalism: Kant’s Democratic Peace> democracies do not go to war with each other> ideal is a world of small republics providing world order/global governance in federations of states3 - Sociological Liberalism: the idea of building a community - common purpose> Karl Deutsch’s “security community”> international system: moves from anarchy to an international society and finally a global community> early utopians: Abbe St. Pierre and William Penn> sharing soverignty> society/community bound by traditions, practices, common values and treaties> NATO & EU: treaty/common treaties> English Speaking Union: traditions and practices> consider the views of the English SchoolPost WWII: wanted to create a new liberal system managed by economic institutions- Bretton Woods System- IMF-IBRD (World Bank) and GATT (WTO)- institutions create a fair trade environment- political goals: keep countries in the Western system- economic goals: global prosperity- political interventions = neoliberalismEnglish School: Pluralism- Hedley Bull: A society of states exists when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another and share in the working of common institutions- this is a pluralist view of international society, society more than an anarchic systemEnglish School: Solidarists- deeper than a society = community- Welsh School - solidarist- solidarity with all the people of the world: goal of world order is a just system- not only cooperation among states, more Kantian morality- Nick Wheeler: Saving Strangers6 - Kantian Radical Liberalism- More normative and transformational- Falk and others: WOMP- foreign policy goals based on normative goals: peace, social justice, economic well being, ecological balance- Grotian and Kantian assumptions - revolutionist - radical- Neorealism: Waltz and John Mearsheimer, Liberalism- What would a Morgenthau foreign policy sextant look like?- Are his ideas still relevant?- Realist Sextant- moderation, prudence and not universal morality- the desire to dominate is a constituent element of all human associations: still relevant?- Neorealism- called structural realism and security neorealism (Mearsheimer and Jervis)- 5 differences with more traditional Realism:1 - inductive to deductive theory - structure of system2 - wider definitions of power3 - anarchy - the structure of the system - defines all state behavior4 - less focus on self - interest and the nature of human behavior as key variable to explain state behavior5 - rational choice emphasis - max benefits/minimizes costs- Mearsheimer: Security Neorealism (The Tragedy of Great Powers)- security policy side: offensive - Mearsheimer> increase relative power expand and improve position in world> wary of all states> seek hegemony and opportunities to gain power> goal to seek relative and absolute power- Mearsheimer’s assumptions (same as Thucydides?)- anarchy - no common power- great powers have enough offensive power to hurt or destroy each other- no state can be certain about the intentions of other states- survival is the primary goal of great powers- great powers are rational actors - seeking to max power both absolute and relative- Neorealism: another neorealist security view- DEFENSIVE - Jervis, Snyder> more concerned with absolute power> preserve balance of power act defensively> cooperation likely among friends> possible to create security institutions/regimes that maintain balance of power- For defensive Realists, the international structure provides states with little incentive to seek additional increments…- Offensive Realists seek to enhance power at the expense of rivals. A state’s ultimate goal is to be hegemon in the system. (John Mearsheimer)> Is the US a hegemony? depends on worldview- Summary of Realist Tradition- view of humankind?- ideal state? priorities- view of power?- view of system?- chances for cooperation- role of war and coercive force?- Liberalism - Grotian Tradition1 - Commercial