Neorealism Waltz and John Mearsheimer Liberalism What would a Morgenthau foreign policy sextant look like Are his ideas still relevant Realist Sextant moderation prudence and not universal morality the desire to dominate is a constituent element of all human associations still relevant Neorealism called structural realism and security neorealism Mearsheimer and Jervis 5 differences with more traditional Realism 1 inductive to deductive theory structure of system 2 wider definitions of power 3 anarchy the structure of the system defines all state behavior 4 less focus on self interest and the nature of human behavior as key variable to explain state behavior 5 rational choice emphasis max benefits minimizes costs Mearsheimer Security Neorealism The Tragedy of Great Powers security policy side offensive Mearsheimer increase relative power expand and improve position in world wary of all states seek hegemony and opportunities to gain power goal to seek relative and absolute power Mearsheimer s assumptions same as Thucydides anarchy no common power great powers have enough offensive power to hurt or destroy each other no state can be certain about the intentions of other states survival is the primary goal of great powers great powers are rational actors seeking to max power both absolute and relative Neorealism another neorealist security view DEFENSIVE Jervis Snyder more concerned with absolute power preserve balance of power act defensively cooperation likely among friends possible to create security institutions regimes that maintain balance of power For defensive Realists the international structure provides states with little incentive to seek additional increments Offensive Realists seek to enhance power at the expense of rivals A state s ultimate goal is to be hegemon in the system John Mearsheimer Is the US a hegemony depends on worldview Summary of Realist Tradition view of humankind ideal state priorities view of power view of system chances for cooperation role of war and coercive force Liberalism Grotian Tradition 1 Commercial Liberalism capitalism Adam Smith and Jeremy Bentham even Kant trade will lead to peace and good relations Avoid economic nationalism or neo mercantalism WWI trade restrictions beggar thy neighbor lead to war 2 Republican Liberalism Kant s Democratic Peace democracies do not go to war with each other ideal is a world of small republics providing world order global governance in federations of states 3 Sociological Liberalism the idea of building a community common purpose Karl Deutsch s security community international system moves from anarchy to an international society and finally a global community early utopians Abbe St Pierre and William Penn sharing soverignty society community bound by traditions practices common values and treaties NATO EU treaty common treaties English Speaking Union traditions and practices consider the views of the English School Post WWII wanted to create a new liberal system managed by economic institutions Bretton Woods System IMF IBRD World Bank and GATT WTO institutions create a fair trade environment political goals keep countries in the Western system economic goals global prosperity political interventions neoliberalism English School Pluralism Hedley Bull A society of states exists when a group of states conscious of certain common interests and common values form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another and share in the working of common institutions this is a pluralist view of international society society more than an anarchic system English School Solidarists deeper than a society community Welsh School solidarist solidarity with all the people of the world goal of world order is a just system not only cooperation among states more Kantian morality Nick Wheeler Saving Strangers 6 Kantian Radical Liberalism More normative and transformational Falk and others WOMP foreign policy goals based on normative goals peace social justice economic well being ecological balance Grotian and Kantian assumptions revolutionist radical
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