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USC IR 210 - IR Study Group Study Guide for Final

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QUESTION #1:TAKE1TAKE 2TAKE 3TAKE 4QUESTION #2:TAKE1Development of modern statesModern state encourages and allows for non-state actors to operate under their jurisdictionSovereignty shift from rulers to people: absolute state shift to modern stateIncreased civic and legal interactions between statesGov. found advantages in other organizations operating to a degree of interdependence defined by the stateOperations include things the state did not want to do or could not doCreation of synthesis of private interest and fulfillment of various social purposesTNCsModern firms are treated by modern states as an element of their own power ad take an interest in their welfareModern firms cross the boundaries between sovereign nationsTNC’s activities can take place in more than one country making an organizational hierarchy that crosses national boundariesExponential increase in the number of firms post WWII.Foreign Direct Investment increased; reducing transport costs, finding more places for production and getting around tariffs and import controlsTNCs push towards globalization:Governments can only really assert control of TNCs by acting collectivelyConsumer pressure leads to global codes of conduct being accepted by companiesSubmission to social and environmental auditingNGOs – red cross, YMCACommonality between employees and companies in different countries has developed creating international link between trade unions and professional bodiesInternational regimes encourage and strengthen links among NGOsIncrease in technology has taken sovereignty away from states and given it to transnational organizationsFour structures:Formal joint organization (INGO): permanent headquarters, secretariat, regular program of meetingsAdvocacy networks: seek to achieve major policy changes against the opposition of leading governmentsTemporary networks: caucus like, for lobbying on the agenda items at a meeting, politically drivenGovernance networks: maintain and enhance participation right of NGOs in intergovernmental meetings, lack common political goalsMade it easier for NGOs to operate transnationallyTAKE 2TAKE 3Question 3:TAKE1Defining Discourse and Specifying its ImportanceIts defined simply as what people are writing and saying about a phenomenonThe discourses of culturally powerful people and groups shape the understanding of othersEven deeper: Foucault argued that dominant discourses don’t represent what is real they actually produce what is real. They determine can (not just “may”) be said, and even what can be thought.Discourse as a concept stresses the power of a shared understanding to shape the creation and maintenance of political decisions and policies, social norms, patterned social practices, institutionsDominant Discourses of the “Long 1990’s”The end of history, a liberal peace, and victory of the West: Fukuyama “The End of History”, writing before the collapse of Soviet but its clear that the state domination of society and urban planning will collapse and liberal society will continue for the rest of time. Apply to China as well.“What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the cold war…but the end of history as such. That is the end point of man kinds ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as government. This does not imply the end of international conflict however, the world will still be divided for quite some time between part that is historical and part that is post-historical…still will be a high and rising level of ethnic nationalism, terrorism and wars of national liberation will continue but large scale conflict must involved large states still caught in the grip of history and they are what appear to be passing through the seam.”People for Whom Fukuyama’s Ideas Rang true: 1) proponents of democratic peace theory 2) international institutionalists and regime theorists 3) Proponents of free trade and cross-border investments as the pathways to peaceContinued violence and insecurity (Mearsheimer version): realists who traces thinking back to Hobbes/Machiavelli. Argued bipolar international systems such as that prevailing during the Cold War are more stable than multi-polar systems and no one really knows how stable/unstable uni-polar systems may be. Don’t celebrate the end of the Cold War/Bi-Polarity. Justification multi-polar systems are unstable WWI and II, greater change to be isolated in a multi polar system, have to maintain diplomacy and alliance structures at a larger scale, security dilemma is much more likely to become unmanageablePower Transition Theory: when a dominant power is about to be overcome by a challenging power that was formally middle ranking (US and China) tensions increase and wars more easily break out.Continued violence and insecurity (Kaplan version): realist, neither the end of the cold war or globalization should be seen with optimism for the many poor, troubled countries [traveled through 60 troubled countries], most people in the world live in failed states and for them life is nasty, brutish and short  quotes Hobbes. Breakdown within states, says Fukuyama is naïve/mindless triumphalist“war making entities will no longer be restricted to a certain territory. Loose and shadowy organisms, such as terrorism…crime and war will become indistinguishable in which “national defense” will be seen as a local problem…as small scale violence multiplies at home and abroad national armies will continue to shrink being gradually replaced by a booming private security business and urban mafia. Future wars will be fought for communal survival…this is how many states will ultimately die.”Continued violence and insecurity (Huntington version): clash of civilizations, divides the world into seven or eight civilizational zones [sub groups within these zones], ultimately actors in world affairspeople within these zones think/behave differently. North America and Europe have to unite to protect themselves from the Muslims and the Chinese. Realist like Kissinger and Brzezinski call this book an intellectual tour de force.“Conflict between civilizations will supplant ideological and other forms of conflict as the dominant form of conflict in the world. An alliance between the Islamic zone and the Confucian zone has already arisen to menace the West.”Which discourse was, is, and/or will be the most powerfulTAKE 2TAKE 4TAKE 5QUESTION 4TAKE 1TAKE 2TAKE 3TAKE


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