International Relations 210 02 25 2016 Thucydides as a complex realist suggests that important events of interstate politics can be explained by examining the roles of leadership human dimension state regimes and international structures anarchy St Augustine view on Manichean Beliefs dualistic view of the world us vs them good vs evil material world evil world filled with pain and suffering the RW or physical world is not a creation of GOD opposition forces of good and evil Third Foundational Voice Machiavelli considered to be a maximalist of fundamental realist based on his view of human nature first political advisor with no ethical presuppositions The Prince 1514 Discourses The First Ten Books of Levy 1531 Principles of Practical Wisdom essential to maintain and strengthen the State Key Point to establish order one learns from experiences and not just philosophies and ideas focus on what is real not wishful thinking i e utopians Contributions to Realism 3 factors combine to make an effective leader and shape political life opportunity ingenuity ability skill and luck all leaders must overcome moral inhibitions that hinder pursuit of National Interests necessity not morality view of the State Discourses History of the Roman Empire stability of Rome or any state leaders and power good laws constitution and a common religion well armed and prepared for war with a citizen army be aware that mistrust among rulers leads to war constant feature in the international system promises and pledges among rulers of different lands are kept only by arms War and arms in the system of states always prepare for war always ready to use force to gain power advantage leaders have 2 choices take the initiative and wage war when you have the advantage sit back and wait to be preemptive war and preventive war are okay if it protects a state IR is not the same as domestic politics keep citizens happy at home good state in IR goals are survival longevity and glory at home piety virtue and a greater good separate rules norms and practices Thomas Hobbes Out of civil states there is always war of everyone against everyone not a public official made arguments for absolute rule scholarly work focused on political truths key work Leviathan Natural condition of men living together without a common power to keep then all in awe they are in a condition called war where everyman is enemy to everyman introduces another version of realism structuralism the structure of domestic governance and the recognition of international anarchy More comprehensive view of importance of structure neorealists today recognized states should be seen as rational actors rationality in economic terms max benefits min costs anarchic system means we are in a constant state of vigilance preparing for war or at war all made worse by human nature and competitive states Hobbes pessimistic view fueled by the English civil war beheading of King introduces the duality argument sovereigns should not be judged in his actions by the same moral standard as the private individual acting in an amoral environment no common power weber ethic of responsibility 7 responsibilities to realism from Hobbes 1 Man in a state of nature is in constant state of conflict and war conflict is the likely outcome of material competition in the absence of an overpowering bulwark again aggression reasons for conflict competition for wealth in a world of scarcity quarrels for glory and dignity lack of trust and fear of the other 2 Central power critical for governance law and order security of life liberty and material possessions defining activities someone will use violence if there is nothing to fear other than the power of the victim 3 Why are we not always at war Why do states sometimes shy away from conflict Prudence cost of war Altruism pity the victims Moral convictions rejects the moral argument leaders most likely to be prudent fear of defeat and fear of high costs 4 Alliances can they provide security prevent wars and encourage cooperation Alliances based on the adaption of independent wills easily fall apart when it comes to implementation Covenants 5 Best defense and deterrence against war Foresight Prepare for war and bolster one s capacity to defend 6 Can we be saved by regimes systems of regional and global governance that promote Cooperation among states Cooperation is not part of human nature Sovereignty issue Enforcement Issues States will cooperate when they see benefits Countries should seek peace and be fair and forgiving but because self interest rules and survival is a higher value no state should take risks to achieve these duties 7 Order requires strong states peace is an elusive goal but order requires Forts garrisons and guns on the frontier of their kingdoms You are safe kept by the State if you surrender rights and freedoms Kings whose power is greatest turn their endeavors to assuring it at home by laws and abroad by wars TA Session Conducting Research in IR Reviewing the literature organize the questions organize the answers abstracts are enough these answers form debates good and evil Two levels micro analyze individual works identify purpose theoretical framework summarize findings identify strengths and weaknesses macro categorize them general theory specific hypotheses google scholar USC library search engine how to know if an article is important in a good journal in an edited volume with a theme from a good university highly cited good journals http www scimagojr com index php structure of an academic article abstract introduction pitch literature review theory research design results conclusion implications and future directions Endnote Zotero BibTex