Lecture: Realism *Next Term, Is Theories, Abstract, get into the habit of thinking of real world examples and illustrations that support and refute this theories.”DiscoursesFoucault argued that discourses produced what we come to see as real and therefore what becomes real.They determine what can (not just may) be said , and even what can be thought.IR theories such as realism and liberalism can be regarded as “root discourses” that established what became deep seated, historically rooted groves of thought these grooves powerfully channeled and conditioned later thinking after they became, through rectification “obvious” “natural”, self evident truths (natural)”Reification: Where and how might Realism fit into this picture?Anarchy is the triangle. Anarchy socializes states, Inside outside structuration. But, is it really something , a thing, that does this structuration? That is the riddle.What’s so “root” about realism as an IR discourse?Realism is the oldest “school” of thought in IRThucydidesFirst known realist in the history of the human race, although very shortly thereafter people thinking along similar lines appeared in China and elsewhere? Why?Security Dilemma SpiralAppears about this time and occurs all over and over again.Prince Metterinich (Of Austria) (1773-1859)Emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the dominant European intellectual and diplomatic force promoting the idea that balances of power are essential and require hard work to construct and to maintain. Denigrated nationalism and popular participation in foreign policymaking as dangerous and destabilizing. To some, a reactionary; to others, a visionary who foresaw the horrors of the 20th century international conflict.The Horse look alike of Prince Metternich. Haha.Animals named after Realists… significant because of the association of power and strength. You want your states to be realists… not liberals because liberals are WEAK!What’s so “root” about realism as an IR discourse?Realism came to dominate the study of IR in America from 1939 until the mid-1970’s and shared the dominant position from the late 70’s to the early 90’s (and probably still today)Realism profoundly influenced the US foreign policy establishment.Think of Kissinger and BrzezinskiHans J. Morgenthau (1904-80)The Struggle for power and peace  BookHis Background: German, 1904 a Jewish educated in Univ. Frankfurt and Munich. Diplomatic and Law history. Victimized by bullying. He didn’t like Germany he took a teaching job in Madrid. By 1937 realizes he escapes to the U.S. Then got a job here and wrote that book.What’s so “root” about realism as an IR discourse?Realism profoundly influenced the US foreign policy establishment. Including Strategic Studies.The BIG BUT: but, does this mean realism is right? Or just that its powerful? How are rightness and discursive power related?6 Principles “Morgenthau’s Six Principles Of Political Realism”1) International politics is governed by laws, which can be uncovered through reasoned analysis.2) Statesmen think and act in terms of interest defines as power. This tendency, moreover, is good – because it induces prudence.3) The principle that statesmen think and act in terms of interest defined as power is universally valid, in all times and places.Thucydides4) Universal moral laws cannot be used to judge a state’s behavior; a state has no right to sacrifice the nation in pursuit of some grand moral vision.5) States must not universalize their particular moral vision.6) Politics and international relations are distinct from other social spheres and must be analyzed as such.Hans J. MorgenthauThe Neorealists’ Two Main Objectives1) Make classical Realism more scientific and rigorous by getting away from all that history and philosophy and law – yet still embrace Morg. six foundational principles2) Put down a challenge from new theorists of transnational relations and interdependence theorists.Owing to its scientific rigor, conceptual clarity elegance of explanation and demonstrated successes in predicting the future, economics rapidly become the model social science to emulate for those IR scholars in US political science departments sniggering from feelings of inadequacy in the 1950’s and 60’s. Such was not the case in Europe and Britain. It was a US thing. Why?For Some, The motto became “The more scientific, the better”Kenneth N. WaltzTheory Of International PoliticsBilliard Balls – interaction within each otherExports of goods and services as a % of GDP (worldwide) – 1960’s to 1996 increase of trade.Multinational CorporationMultipolarity unstable, polarity is stable!Levels Of AnalysisWaltz invented this levels of analysis, why do wars break out?Power Transition TheoryAnother example of Neorealism, understanding economy and wars.Michael Mastanduno (seeks to clarify and update Neorealism itself)Unipolar PoliticsMastanduno’s Four Fundamental Realists Assumptions1) The most important actors in world politics are territorially-organized entities.2) State behavior can be explained as the product of rational decision-making.3)*important* All states seek power, but they don’t all necessarily seek to maximize power.4) Relations among states are inherently competitive and they strive to improve their relative position.Barry BuzanPeople States & FearWhat most realists agree on (Buzan)1) ContinuitiesReification Question, what comes first?2) Insecurity and powerSecurity DilemmaBalance Of PowerNeorealists – say balance is not formed naturally the world functions like a just like clock or a machine or a market in which a market balances out.*** the horse dude.QUESTION: Classical Realists VS Neorealists: Which camp is right on the question of how balances of power form?3) Levels of Analysis4) Sectors5) Inside/Outside DistinctionBilliard Ball Legacy** EMPHASIZED!!!A key question:Why no “progress?”How exactly do “the inside and outside realms construct each other, making the whole assemblage extremely difficult to undo or esxaoe from, both intellectually and practically?IR Lecture 10Lecture: Realism *Next Term, Is Theories, Abstract, get into the habit of thinking of real world examples and illustrations that support and refute this theories.”-DiscoursesoFoucault argued that discourses produced what we come to see as real and therefore what becomes real.-They determine what can (not just may) be said , and even what can be