IR Lecture 8 Key Ideas That Have Shaped The Present Nationalism And National Identity Reflections o Europeans weren t just taking the lead in making the modern worlds during the past 500 years They were thinking about it too o In the process they established CATERGORIES OF DISCOURSE that still condition the way we conceive of international relations to this day o Thinking and talking about it was a key part of making it Niccolo Machiavello The Prince 1532 o Refers to the state as a sovereign territorial unit o Argues state leaders should not be constrained by religious principles o Religion only enters the picture insofar as state leaders should try to create images of themselves as moral and virtuous Christendom Post reformation 1519 by 1550 European Political Divisions European religious Divisions 1555 Treaty Of Augsburg 1555 o The prince the state builder would have the right to determine the religion of the people living in his territory o This strengthens the nascent very early modern states relative to the catholic church and all other religious organizations Treaty Of Westphalia 1648 o States are sovereign and have a right to political self determination o States are equal to each other under international law o States are bound to implement treaties under international law o No state may interfere in the internal affairs of other states Thomas Hobbes Leviathan 1651 o Life in the state of nature is solitary poor nasty brutish and short o The State provides order leading to prosperity and security o But in the international realm there is no overarching state only anarchy o Hobbes therefore is challenging the early international lawyers suggesting their optimism is na ve Cloud an international SOCIETY be built out of the bloody mess of post reformation Europe John Locke early Liberal optimist o Two Treaties Of Government 1689 The State of nature for humans isn t s bad because they are inherently social People contract with a state freely to make things better The ultimate purpose of the state is to preserve the life liberty and the property of individuals Great Traditions in western thinking on international relations o Machiavelli Hobbes realism o Locke Grotius Liberalism Rationalism o Many Diverse Thinkers Cosmopolitanism All forms of cosmopolitanism are radical in that they posit the primacy of world society over international society of people over states human rights over sovereignty and so on Treaty Of Westphalia 1648 o The purpose is that there shall be a Christian and universal peace Article 1 Key Question o Must members of an international society of states share in a common cultural background for the society to function properly o Must an international society of states EXCLUDE other states and other types of unit when their cultural backgrounds are different in order to function properly or in order to CONSTRUCT the culture that unites its members A book types and development of man J W Buel Ed Louisiana and he fair An exposition of the world its people and their achievements St Louis Worlds Progress publishing Company 1904 Vol V frontispiece The expansion of international society o imperialism from 1500 to 1850 rule through proxies o imperialism from 1850 to 1950 administer directly and transform o After world war 2 decolonized states join international society eventually yielding a world that s mapped like this The actual map of the nations But to what extent did the views dominant in 1905 still exist just beneath the surface in 1955 or even in 2010 The Expansion and Transformations of Modernity o The scientific revolution Nature began carnivalesque goddess Michele Mercati Metallotheca Rome 1717 Often backward peoples were portrayed as parts of the natural environment needing transformation guided by science o The French revolution In how many ways was it important The storming of Bastille 1789 Napoleon Takes command of the French revolution then tries to re order Europe The Napoleonic Wars 1803 1815 Congress Of Vienna 1815 Why was what they were doing 1815 Managing the Global Balance of Power Napoleon helps spawn Romantic reaction to Enlightenment ideas especially Nationalism o Nationalism national identity Nationalism A The simple identification of a human collectivity with a state sometimes simple called national identity Nationalism B Situations in which human collectivities hyper glorify their particular nation and use coercion against others to increase their nation s territory wealth and prestige Nationalism Romanticism and the French revolution Liberty Guiding the people Eugene Delacroix 1830 o Darwin Marx Freud Nietzsche o WWI begin the retreat of the west o The periphery had changed 3 Conceptions Of The Nation o 1 Nation is a primordial entity o 2 The nation is a civic community o 3 The nation is both a primordial entity and a civic community You cant have a one without the other Conclusion o Nationalism this discourse help fuel international conflict and impedes international societies functioning