Key Ideas That Have Shaped The Present/Nationalism And National IdentityReflectionsEuropeans weren’t just taking the lead in making the modern worlds during the past 500 years. They were thinking about it, too.In the process, they established CATERGORIES OF DISCOURSE that still condition the way we conceive of international relations to this dayThinking and talking about it was a key part of making it.Niccolo Machiavello, The Prince (1532)Refers to the “state” as a sovereign, territorial unit.Argues state leaders should not be constrained by religious principlesReligion only enters the picture insofar as state leaders should try to create images of themselves as moral and virtuous.Christendom, Post reformation (1519)by 1550, European Political DivisionsEuropean religious Divisions, 1555Treaty Of Augsburg (1555)The prince – the state builder --- would have the right to determine the religion of the people living in his territory.This strengthens the nascent (very early) modern states relative to the catholic church and all other religious organizationsTreaty Of Westphalia (1648)States are sovereign and have a right to political self determinationStates are equal to each other under international lawStates are bound to implement treaties under international law.No state may interfere in the internal affairs of other statesThomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651)Life in the state of nature is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”The State provides order, leading to prosperity and security.But in the international realm, there is no overarching state only anarchy.Hobbes, therefore, is challenging the early international lawyers, suggesting their optimism is naïve.Cloud an international SOCIETY be built out of the bloody mess of post reformation Europe?John Locke, early Liberal optimistTwo Treaties Of Government (1689)The State of nature for humans isn’t s bad because they are inherently social.People contract with a state freely to make things betterThe ultimate purpose of the state is to preserve the life, liberty, and the property of individuals.Great Traditions in western thinking on international relationsMachiavelli, Hobbes  realismLocke, Grotius  Liberalism/RationalismMany Diverse Thinkers  CosmopolitanismAll forms of cosmopolitanism are radical in that they posit the primacy of world society over international society of people over states human rights over sovereignty and so on.Treaty Of Westphalia (1648)The purpose is that “there shall be a Christian and universal peace” (Article 1)Key QuestionMust members of an international society of states share in a common cultural background for the society to function properly?Must an international society of states EXCLUDE other states and other types of unit when their cultural backgrounds are different in order to function properly – or in order to CONSTRUCT the culture that unites its members?A book: “types and development of man”, J.W. Buel. Ed. Louisiana and he fair: An exposition of the world, its people, and their achievements (St. Louis: Worlds Progress publishing Company, 1904) Vol V., frontispiece.The expansion of international societyimperialism from 1500 to 1850: rule through proxiesimperialism from 1850 to 1950: administer directly and transformAfter world war 2 , decolonized states join international society, eventually yielding a world that’s mapped like this:The actual map of the nationsBut: to what extent did the views dominant in 1905 still exist just beneath the surface in 1955 – or even in 2010?The Expansion and Transformations of ModernityThe scientific revolution“Nature began, carnivalesque goddess (Michele Mercati, Metallotheca, Rome 1717)Often “backward” peoples were portrayed as parts of the natural environment needing transformation guided by science”The French revolutionIn how many ways was it important?The storming of Bastille (1789)Napoleon Takes command of the French revolution – then tries to re-order EuropeThe Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)Congress Of Vienna (1815)Why was what they were doing1815 Managing the Global Balance of PowerNapoleon helps spawn “Romantic” reaction to Enlightenment ideas, especially NationalismNationalism/national identityNationalism A: The simple identification of a human collectivity with a state (sometimes simple called national identity)Nationalism B: Situations in which human collectivities hyper-glorify their particular nation and use coercion against others to increase their nation’s territory, wealth, and prestige.Nationalism, Romanticism, and the French revolution: “Liberty Guiding the people” (Eugene Delacroix, 1830)Darwin, Marx, Freud, NietzscheWWI begin “the retreat of the west”The “periphery” had changed3 Conceptions Of The Nation1) Nation is a primordial entity.2) The nation is a civic community.3) The nation is both a primordial entity and a civic community. You cant have a one without the other.Conclusion:Nationalism – this discourse—help fuel international conflict and impedes international societies functioning.IR Lecture 8Key Ideas That Have Shaped The Present/Nationalism And National Identity-ReflectionsoEuropeans weren’t just taking the lead in making the modern worlds during the past 500 years. They were thinking about it,too.oIn the process, they established CATERGORIES OF DISCOURSEthat still condition the way we conceive of international relations to this dayoThinking and talking about it was a key part of making it.-Niccolo Machiavello, The Prince (1532)oRefers to the “state” as a sovereign, territorial unit.oArgues state leaders should not be constrained by religious principlesoReligion only enters the picture insofar as state leaders shouldtry to create images of themselves as moral and virtuous.-Christendom, Post reformation (1519)-by 1550, European Political Divisions-European religious Divisions, 1555-Treaty Of Augsburg (1555)oThe prince – the state builder --- would have the right to determine the religion of the people living in his territory. oThis strengthens the nascent (very early) modern states relative to the catholic church and all other religious organizations-Treaty Of Westphalia (1648)oStates are sovereign and have a right to political self determinationoStates are equal to each other under international lawoStates are bound to implement treaties under international law.oNo state may interfere in the internal affairs of other states-Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan