Friday’s case study:- case explores foreign policy tools and the connection between economic and security goals- key concepts for our understanding of the economic policy world- be ready for questions- 5 point essay due 2/12 in classVoice 2: Reinhold Niebuhr (1892 - 1971)- all politics = ethical choices/hard choices- friend of Morgenthau and Kennan- leaders need to be pragmatic and cautious - no utopias!- every action causes some collateral damage but people must act nonetheless - begging forgiveness for the evils done in service of the good- avoid hubris and arrogance of power- man’s pride and will for power disturb the harmony of creationNiebuhr- time of transition - another Grotian moment - how should we avoid future wars? how to order the system?- Niebuhr is a theologian - Christianity as a blueprint for reform/activism and commitment- published several books (Children of Light, Children of Darkness, The Irony of American History)- why should we confront the Soviets in a global war? do we really have the best system? is there an ideal system?- no political groups can create a society free of greed, deceit, injustice (only Marxists and deluded liberals think so)- need to avoid hubris and arrogance of power- no patience for those who say the US is acting on God’s behalf- warns against extremes- need for struggle and commitmentNiebuhr’s view of US Cold War Purpose: We are defending against tyranny and are trying to preserve justice against a system which has demonically distilled injustice and cruelty out of its original promise of higher justice > rationale for Global War on Terrorism?Final Modern Voice: Han Morgenthau (1904-1980)- refugee from Nazi Germany - convinced that the US needed to stand up to evil- advocated global leadership not isolation- originally criticized for focusing too much on power - seen as un-AmericanMorgenthau’s task- change the argument that realism was only a critique of utopianism/idealism?- sell the policy and academic worlds on a comprehensive theory that does 3 things: explain the essence of relations among states, illuminate the moral problem in statecraft, provide a basis for evaluating contemporary problems of national policy> Politics is an art not a science, and what is required for its mastery is not the rationality of the engineer but the wisdom and moral strength of statesmen> Moral principles and national interests are not opposing forcesMorgenthau’s Politics Among Nations (1948) introduces the 6 principles of realism:- politics governed by objective laws - human has not changed and all theory is based on person and experience- interest is defined in terms of power- power-control of man over man is universally valid- always a tension between morality and politics- moral actions/goals of state not universal- political sphere is autonomous - one of manyMorgenthau’s 4 Flaws of US Foreign Policy- utopianism and wishful thinking- legalism (laws are to keep the weak in line)- sentimentalism- neoliberalism> political world is about power and desire to dominateKenneth Waltz: neorealist- meaning of Neo: new or rethinking- looking for parsimony (few words) and elegance in a theory - one factor matters the most in terms of state behavior > system level which is defined by anarchy: The structure of the system has profound casual weightMearsheimer: Security Neorealism (The Tragedy of Great Powers)- security policy side: offensive - Mearsheimer> increase relative power expand and improve position in world> wary of all states> seek hegemony and opportunities to gain power> goal to seek relative and absolute powerMearsheimer’s assumptions- anarchy - no common power- great powers have enough offensive power to hurt or destroy each other- no state can be certain about the intentions of other states- survival is the primary goal of great powersFriday’s case study:- case explores foreign policy tools and the connection between economic and security goals- key concepts for our understanding of the economic policy world- be ready for questions- 5 point essay due 2/12 in class- Voice 2: Reinhold Niebuhr (1892 - 1971)- all politics = ethical choices/hard choices- friend of Morgenthau and Kennan- leaders need to be pragmatic and cautious - no utopias!- every action causes some collateral damage but people must act nonetheless - begging forgiveness for the evils done in service of the good- avoid hubris and arrogance of power- man’s pride and will for power disturb the harmony of creation- Niebuhr- time of transition - another Grotian moment - how should we avoid future wars? how to order the system?- Niebuhr is a theologian - Christianity as a blueprint for reform/activism and commitment- published several books (Children of Light, Children of Darkness, The Irony of American History)- why should we confront the Soviets in a global war? do we really have the best system?is there an ideal system?- no political groups can create a society free of greed, deceit, injustice (only Marxists and deluded liberals think so)- need to avoid hubris and arrogance of power- no patience for those who say the US is acting on God’s behalf- warns against extremes- need for struggle and commitment- Niebuhr’s view of US Cold War Purpose: We are defending against tyranny and are tryingto preserve justice against a system which has demonically distilled injustice and cruelty out of its original promise of higher justice > rationale for Global War on Terrorism?- Final Modern Voice: Han Morgenthau (1904-1980)- refugee from Nazi Germany - convinced that the US needed to stand up to evil- advocated global leadership not isolation- originally criticized for focusing too much on power - seen as un-American- Morgenthau’s task- change the argument that realism was only a critique of utopianism/idealism?- sell the policy and academic worlds on a comprehensive theory that does 3 things: explain the essence of relations among states, illuminate the moral problem in statecraft,provide a basis for evaluating contemporary problems of national policy> Politics is an art not a science, and what is required for its mastery is not the rationality of the engineer but the wisdom and moral strength of statesmen> Moral principles and national interests are not opposing forces- Morgenthau’s Politics Among Nations (1948) introduces the 6 principles of realism:- politics governed by objective laws - human has not changed and all theory is based on person and experience- interest is