IR Lecture 13 CRITICAL THEORY NEO NEO DEBATE FINAL POINTS o Realist View Billard Balls and Nelliberal View Interconnected o Anarchy if balls are cooperating together o International regimes o Significance of prisoners dilemma you get a different outcome o Evolution of cooperation Reiterated prisoners dilemma o Neoliberalism Core contribution Possible realists are right that states were born as warfighting machines and still tend towards suspicion of each other because of the logic of the security dilemma But over the ages states that fail to cooperate will gradually be eliminated from the world scene Completely na ve states will also be eliminated The surviving states will be those that prosper through the benefits cooperation confers when balanced by a vigorous yet reasonable defense of state interests so realists are wrong on multiple counts the world as anarchic today the impossibility of progress o Since 1990 Neorealists responded to the neoliberalists core contribution by contending that its presuppositions are flawed Neoliberals can only use evolution of cooperation models by assuming stats primarily sees ABSOLUTE gains in their interactions each other that is joint gains to all cooperating parties But neorealists assert that owing to the security dilemma states primarily seek RELATIVE gains in their interactions with each other PEACE MAY BE PASSING Agreements and Disagreements Realists IPE vs Liberal IPE Differences Liberals are optimistic about IPE Technology is shrinking distance The opportunities for mutual gain through international interaction are huge and growing Realists are pessimistic about IPE US capabilities have deteriorated suggesting that it will adopt increasingly narrow and self interested policies Liberals are optimistic about IPE They predict an increasingly integrated GLOBAL economy with integration on a globe wide scale Realists are pessimistic about IPE They predict movement towards REGIONAL BLOCS or greater differentiation across countries and sectors Still part of the paragraph above Liberals are optimistic about IPE They predict the consolidation of universal international rules of the game which facilitate mutual interaction Realists are pessimistic about IPE They predict specific rather than diffuse reciprocity with states focusing more on immediate than on long term benefits Isn t what s so fun and special about a global recession worse than any in decades the fact we can test these theories out And so what do you think will result from this crucible Will the liberals be proved right about OPE or the realists Cosmopolitanism NEW NAME ROBERT COX START OF NEW LECTURE o Related to Crusci Cox will develop the concept of critical theory in contrast to problem solving theory which he associates with NEOREALISM and to a lesser extent Neoliberlaism o PROBLEM SOLVING THEORY takes the world as it finds it with the prevailing power and social relationships and the institutions in which they are organized as the given framework for action o CRITICAL THEORY IN CONTRAST TO THE ONE ABOVE stands apart from the prevailing order of the world and asks how that order came about It is directed toward and appraisal of the very framework for action or problematique which problem solving theory accepts Uncritically as its parameters o INQUALITY is the worlds core problematique or frame for action o COX SAYS o Critical Theory is a theory of history WHY Problem solving theory is non historical or ahistorical WHY o And this is where COX classifies Neorealism o CRITICAL THEORY rejects UTOPIANISM Edward Hallet Carr Critical Theorists REALISTS After WWII HANS J MORGENTHAU and KENNETH WALTZ COX s Three Fundamental and Unchanging Substrata Of Neorealism 1 the nature of man is portrayed as competitively lusting after power and always wiling to use violence to get it 2 the nature of states is portrayed as identical in their fixation on pursuing a particular concept of national interest 3 states system is defined as inherently anarchic so the security dilemma and BOP become timeless verities THAT S HOW THE CRITIZES EACH OTHER BY ARGUING ON EACH OTHER Shoving and shaping POWERFUL QUOTATION History then becomes for Neorealists merely a quarry providing materials with which to illustrate variations on always recurrent themes Such reasoning dictates that with respect to essentials the future will always be like the past Game Theory by COX Whats worse according to COX is that theory Neorealism also performs a proselytizing function as the advocate for this kind of rationality and the state behavior that follow from it Triangle COX s Five Presuppositions for a critical theory of world order 1 action is grounded in frameworks that become problematiques rooted in historical time 2 Theory too is shaped by the context and its problematiques 3 Context and problematiques change over time 4 the frameworks take the form of historical structures QUOTATION thought patterns material conditions and institutions LISTEN AGAIN 5 Frameworks must be contemplated not from the top but from the bottom where CONFLICT starts then he praise STANELY HOFFMAN COSMOPOLITAN to make the last 5th point Hoffman says 1 move away from the contemporary world and toward the past so we understand how we got here and hat we could have gone some place else 2 shirt from the perspective of a conservative superpower toward that of the weak and the revolutionary Vietnam 3 reverse the glide into the mere policy science and go back to the big questions raised by political philosophy 3 GOOD QUESTIONS 1 To what extent is neoliberalism subject to the same charges that critical theorists are leveling at neorealism 2 Are there any circumstances under which COX would say that neorealism and neoliberalism are actual very useful and powerful approaches 3 Do classical realism and classical liberalism demonstrate the same weaknesses that coz find in the neos COX s take on the future o Post Hegemony Cox Hegemony frames thought and circumscribes action dominant discourses The hegemony of western civilization is crumbling no new hegemony is likely to replace it We therefore have to find common ground among all the worlds civilizations o COX TWO CONDITIONS FOR FINDING COMMON GROUND IN THE FUTURE 1 Mutual recognition of distinct traditions of civilization truly fundamentally understanding that the traditions are distinct and that they can lead to very different word views 2 A move BEYOND mutual recognition towards a kind of supra