Kant’s categorical imperative- major challenge to national interest- trumping human interest- raises the question of responsibility to the human communityResponsibility to protect- Solidarist view: if a state fails to protect citizens they forfeit their right to be treated as legitimate sovereigns; entitling other states to act- challenges realist views of sovereignty and world order! Think KissingerExam question- Robert Cox argues that there are two types of theory: problem-solving theories (system is ok, solve the problems that make ppl want to transform the system; performers, Mac and Grotian), critical theories (the problem is the system, structural of international systems, Kant); describe these two categories and where do our 4 theoretical traditions fit?Contemporary application: Pratt and Stokke on global economy- 3 perspectives on the global economy?- liberal internationalists: capitalism (e.g. Marshall Plan)- reform internationalists: social democratic, collective/multilateralism- radical internationalists: Marxist/transform economic systemReform Internationalists- the system works based when it is rule-based and those with the means enforce those rules- multinationalism…Grotian Reform Internationalists- good Samaritan states: Gidsland or Guide states- multinationalism: build institutions- cooperative or common security- social democratic values at home define foreign policy priorities- avoid polarization and extremism: find solutions via diplomacyHow much power/authority to give to regional or global regimes?- realists/maintainers?- Grotian/Reformers/…?- …4 Views on REGIMES- Realist: use regimes to increase power and influence, create stability that allows all to benefit- Neoliberals: govern system, economic growth, promote capitalist values and interests- Grotian: problem-solving and power share. rule-based system more secure. reciprocity recognizes other forms of power and influence… multinationalism- Kantian: open to call actors and shift power to regimes. cooperation via regimes is the only way to deal with global problems> extent of severignty given to regimes determines whether realist or Grotian or Kantian> regimes facilitate cooperation and promote reciprocity in an issue area> realist world: regimes work well in low politics areas and wor best when the powerful want them to do so> Grotius and Kant world: regimes are essential parts of global community and problem solvingReformers: Grotian Tradition- sources: liberalism and socialism, rationalism and natural law- problem-solvers and internationalists- cooperation aimed at providing and protecting global public goods and global commons- normative aspirations: Gisland or Guide statesGrotians: Often called Rationalists- IR takes place in a society governed by a set of consensual rules established by independent states: tied together by commerce, treaties and regimes- Key here: REASON, we can learn to be good; realists: humans are born evil and self-interest- Knowledge of rights and duties that shape interestsWe have already remarked that nature has established a perfect equality of rights among independent nations. In consequence…Sources of Grotian Tradition:- Locke and Rousseau: social contract and the general will- Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas: responsibility of citizens- Aristotle: capitalism with a human face> something that belongs to everyone belongs to no one> hold private property in interests of civic virtue: once needs of family are met, remainder goes to those in need (social democracy)> benevolent community: we over the/> Aquinas: duty of charity> international law and the natural law tradition: evil deeds must be corrected and good deeds must be recompensed. Citizens should refrain from injuring others but should furthermore protect themHugo Grotian: Reason leads to proper action- Martin Wight’s Grotian views: sovereignty and equality of states, right to wage war (just war)- Kant’s categorical imperative- major challenge to national interest- trumping human interest- raises the question of responsibility to the human community- Responsibility to protect- Solidarist view: if a state fails to protect citizens they forfeit their right to be treated as legitimate sovereigns; entitling other states to act- challenges realist views of sovereignty and world order! Think Kissinger- Exam question- Robert Cox argues that there are two types of theory: problem-solving theories (systemis ok, solve the problems that make ppl want to transform the system; performers, Mac and Grotian), critical theories (the problem is the system, structural of international systems, Kant); describe these two categories and where do our 4 theoretical traditions fit?- Contemporary application: Pratt and Stokke on global economy- 3 perspectives on the global economy?- liberal internationalists: capitalism (e.g. Marshall Plan)- reform internationalists: social democratic, collective/multilateralism - radical internationalists: Marxist/transform economic system- Reform Internationalists- the system works based when it is rule-based and those with the means enforce those rules- multinationalism…- Grotian Reform Internationalists- good Samaritan states: Gidsland or Guide states- multinationalism: build institutions- cooperative or common security- social democratic values at home define foreign policy priorities- avoid polarization and extremism: find solutions via diplomacy- How much power/authority to give to regional or global regimes?- realists/maintainers?- Grotian/Reformers/…?- …- 4 Views on REGIMES- Realist: use regimes to increase power and influence, create stability that allows all to benefit- Neoliberals: govern system, economic growth, promote capitalist values and interests- Grotian: problem-solving and power share. rule-based system more secure. reciprocity recognizes other forms of power and influence… multinationalism- Kantian: open to call actors and shift power to regimes. cooperation via regimes is the only way to deal with global problems> extent of severignty given to regimes determines whether realist or Grotian or Kantian> regimes facilitate cooperation and promote reciprocity in an issue area> realist world: regimes work well in low politics areas and wor best when the powerful want them to do so> Grotius and Kant world: regimes are essential parts of global community and problem solving- Reformers: Grotian Tradition- sources: liberalism and socialism, rationalism and natural law-