1. A) Concentrating on military-political and economic processes, explain the emergence of modern international relations in terms of units, interaction capacity, and structure.Answer: The complex dialectic between the balance of power of capital and power of coercion gave rise to the modern international relation. The rise of the modern state was based upon the combination of military, extractive “ drafting for the army and taxing the population”, administrative/distributive “taking money from certain sectors, not always the wealthiest to other sectors”, governing multiple regions, cities and agricultural regions usually interconnected. However, the key synthesis of the emergence of modern states was that holders of capital provided substantial financial resources for the state while the holders of coercion allow capital a significant role in government. For example,in the making of England, English kings found that Wool exporters were a powerful group. Therefore, the King needed to accommodate the landlords and merchants so they could provide capital for the growth and war-making capacity of the state in return of an increasing activity level of the state. As a result this merchants and landlords were given avoice in the lower chamber or in other cases it would provide defense for the public or be part of the policy making process that in the end made the state stronger. It was the growing commercialization, proletarianization, and economic expansion that provided thefoundations of the modern state. In effect, because of this cooperation of units, the modern states were able to finance new technology (gun powder, cannons, larger warships). Indeed neither city-states or empires could match the balanced wealth and military strength of the modern states. As Tilly explains what was “distinctive about the modern state was its ability to combine capital and coercive modes of resource mobilization” which later with the growth of economy and strong sovereignty, coercion was replaced with taxation. All in all, due to these characteristics the pressures of socialization and competition mainly from the Agra Arian Empire: City-states like Italy began to emulate the modern states in which the systemic characteristics of structural andfunctional differential were eliminated through the shoving and shaping process. This shows how empires and city states nomadic tribes who are functionally differentiated units suddenly all the people look similar to their structures by the services they provide to different states. This European phenomenon that emerged during the late medieval period was one that would shape the continuum of international relations. B) What are the key factors differentiating modern military-political and economic processes from their predecessors in the ancient and classical period?Answer: The key factors differentiating the economic process from modern to ancient and classical period were that world trade expanded exponentially and become truly global in which 1750 – 1994 the aggregate value of world trade increased 11,506 times. Another difference was that the globe spanning finance and investment operations expanded alongside trade where FDI “Foreign Direct Investment ” began in the 19th the century which allowed the investing in other countries along with Chinese immigrants building US railroads financed by British capital. Also, modern states worked harmoniously with modern capitalists states had interest in their sovereignty and industries in developing technologies in order to increase national power along with legal support. Lastly, market structures produced center periphery process-formations of uneven development on aglobal scale where inequality “poor countries” exists in economic processes and spreads in every continent. The key factors differentiating the military-political process from modern to ancient and classical period were the process formation expanded from regional to global scale. As wars became global such as the Napoleonic wars, it gave way to diplomacy such as in the Congress of Vienna. When military process became global, so did diplomacy. A good example of this is the Anglo Japanese Alliance 1902 where the first alliance was established between Britain and Japan “western and non western alliance”. Another difference in between the modern state and the ancient and classical state was the technological advance that became increasingly important in weapons design and production such as gun-powder undermined the Barbarians in which they didn’t stand a chance to machine guns, also vessels and naval ships that were expensive and more elaborate, and the sale of weapons to third world countries (in 1700’s) during the industrial revolution. Lastly, the widespread and deep revulsion developed against war itself, which demonstrated the growth of fear of the war process itself as a rival to the long-standing fear of defeat by other actors in the system.C) What would you estimate are the three most important factors explaining WHY these modern processes emerged?Answer:I believe that the three most important factors are global trade, harmonious capitalstates, and technological advance and innovation. The emergence of global trade was allowed due to exploration, the development of new global maritime trading systems, andimprovement of transportation in which buyers and sellers were able to be now face-to-face. In this new trading system, ships were able to pick up Far Eastern products directly, so bypassing the local trades such as the Silk Road routes. This inevitably led to the mass production of goods and the shift from luxury goods to bulk goods. Another important emergence was the harmonious capital states, which such roots can be traced to the early stages of the modern states in which merchants and landlords showed profitable capabilities which were attractive to Kings. In exchange for their part of their capital theywere given voice, protection, and security. The capital was used to finance technology and wars. Through this interaction, cooperation was evident and at the same time serviceswould be served to other states. Thus, this type of interaction between state and individual/or state would set a relationship in which one would benefit from the other, hence the harmonious capital state relationship. Lastly, the technological advance and innovation through history once can root that technology is a gateway for