BIO 240 1st Edition Lecture 34 Outline of Last Lecture I Overview of Endocrine System and Comparison to other systems A A F READING ASSINGMENT ON BLACKBOARD G Hormones and Functions 1 Hypothalamus 2 Pituitary Gland Outline of Current Lecture I Overview of Endocrine System and Comparison to other systems A A F READING ASSINGMENT ON BLACKBOARD G Hormones and Functions Current Lecture I Overview of Endocrine System and Comparison to other systems A A F READING ASSINGMENT ON BLACKBOARD G Hormones and Functions 1 Hypothalamus Produces 6 hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary and 2 hormones that it stores in the posterior pituitary 2 Pituitary Gland 2 lobes that act like separate glands anterior and posterior a Anterior lobe Makes 6 different hormones know 4 b Posterior lobe Only stores and releases hormones doesn t make them a Oxytocin b Antidiuretic Hormone 3 Pineal Gland Occurs at the posterior aspect of the corpus callosum Secretes melatonin a Melatonin A cyclic hormone that peaks at night to cause drowsiness Is on a 24 hour a day cycle and helps to create our circadian rhythm Rises throughout day and peaks at about 6 00 Takes about half an hour to set in b Diurnal Awake and ready to go by 9 00 very awake during the day c Nocturnal Get their second wind around midnight and can be very awake at night These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 4 Thyroid Gland Affects all cells of the body except the adult brain your spleen testes in males uterus in females and the thyroid gland itself a Thyroid Hormone TH Almost all cells in the body have receptors for it Helps the cells carry out their chemical processes metabolism It combines with iodine to form thyroxine T4 which is inactive We must have an exogenous form of iodine for this to be formed The active from is Triodothyronine T3 b Pathology of the Thyroid Gland a Hypothyroidism When a person has too little TSH TH or a lack of iodine Common symptoms are fatigue cold brain fog and drastic weight gain b Goiter Bulge usually in the neck region caused by hypothyroidism Common with iodine deficiencies c Myxedema Extreme chronic hypothyroidism Possible to go into a myxedema coma which is hard to come out of d Hyperthyroidism When a person secretes too much TH There is an increase in metabolism and usually follows with weight loss Much more common in females from 18 24 years of age Heart palpitations loss of appetite and anxiety can be more severe symptoms Simple pill can correct and it s usually outgrown e Grave s Disease Severe and chronic hyperthyroidism An extreme increase in metabolism usually accompanied by drastic weight loss heart palpitations and bulging eye syndrome a retraction of the eyelids are common symptoms f To treat thyroid diseases we can take supplements of TH iodine can treat the symptoms of hyperthyroidism and can take a substance that destroys TH 5 Parathyroid Glands a Parathyroid Hormone Parathormone PTH Controls calcium and phosphorous levels It stimulates the kidneys to metabolize vitamin D into D3 calcitriol b Hypercalcimia Over production of PTH leading to an increase in blood calcium levels This depresses the nervous system slowing down its reactions and leading to brain fog After a long period of time it can cause kidney stones 6 Thymus A gland that grows until puberty and then atrophies with age a Thymosin Hormone secreted by the thymus which increases lymphocytes and stimulates T Cells to mature b T cells White blood cells that protect against viruses 7 Adrenal glands Endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys Divided into the medulla and cortex a Adrenal medulla The middle of the adrenal gland Makes and secretes epinephrine norepinephrine and dopamine b Adrenal cortex The outside of the adrenal gland Makes 30 hormones using cholesterol a Aldosterone Works very similarly to ADH helps with water retention reabsorbing water Regulates blood pressure b Glucocorticoids Group of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex which are essential for life help fight stress and infection i Cortisol A glucocorticoid which breaks down fat cells Chronic stress can lead to weight loss but temporary stress generally leads to weight gain c Testosterone and Estrogen Mainly produced by reproductive glands but small amounts released by adrenal cortex Benin tumors on adrenal glands in females cause hypersecretions of testosterone Causes masculinization facial hair weight gain similar to males in belly and reproductive issues