BIO 240 1st Edition Lecture 34Outline of Last Lecture I. Overview of Endocrine System and Comparison to other systemsA. A-F: READING ASSINGMENT ON BLACKBOARDG. Hormones and Functions1. Hypothalamus2. Pituitary GlandOutline of Current LectureI. Overview of Endocrine System and Comparison to other systemsA. A-F: READING ASSINGMENT ON BLACKBOARDG. Hormones and FunctionsCurrent LectureI. Overview of Endocrine System and Comparison to other systemsA. A-F: READING ASSINGMENT ON BLACKBOARDG. Hormones and Functions1. Hypothalamus  Produces 6 hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary and 2 hormones that it stores in the posterior pituitary. 2. Pituitary Gland  2 lobes that act like separate glands (anterior and posterior) a. Anterior lobe – Makes 6 different hormones; know 4b. Posterior lobe – Only stores and releases hormones (doesn’t makethem)a. Oxytocinb. Antidiuretic Hormone 3. Pineal Gland  Occurs at the posterior aspect of the corpus callosum. Secretes melatonin. a. Melatonin  A cyclic hormone that peaks at night to cause drowsiness. Is on a 24-hour a day cycle and helps to create our circadian rhythm. Rises throughout day and peaks at about 6:00. Takes about half an hour to set in. b. Diurnal  Awake and ready to go by 9:00, very awake during the day. c. Nocturnal  Get their second wind around midnight and can be very awake at night. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4. Thyroid Gland  Affects all cells of the body except the adult brain, your spleen, testes in males, uterus in females, and the thyroid gland itself. a. Thyroid Hormone (TH)  Almost all cells in the body have receptors for it. Helps the cells carry out their chemical processes; metabolism. It combines with iodine to form thyroxine (T4), whichis inactive. We must have an exogenous form of iodine for this to be formed. The active from is Triodothyronine (T3). b. Pathology of the Thyroid Glanda. Hypothyroidism  When a person has too little TSH, TH, or a lack of iodine. Common symptoms are: fatigue, cold, brain fog, and drastic weight gain. b. Goiter  Bulge (usually in the neck region) caused by hypothyroidism. Common with iodine deficiencies. c. Myxedema  Extreme, chronic hypothyroidism. Possible to go into a myxedema coma, which is hard to come out of.d. Hyperthyroidism  When a person secretes too much TH. There is an increase in metabolism and usually follows withweight loss. Much more common in females from 18-24 years of age. Heart palpitations, loss of appetite, and anxiety can be more severe symptoms. Simple pill can correct, and it’s usually outgrown. e. Grave’s Disease  Severe and chronic hyperthyroidism. Anextreme increase in metabolism, usually accompanied by drastic weight loss, heart palpitations, and bulging eye syndrome (a retraction of the eyelids) are common symptoms. f. To treat thyroid diseases we can: take supplements of TH, iodine, can treat the symptoms of hyperthyroidism, and can take a substance that destroys TH. 5. Parathyroid Glandsa. Parathyroid Hormone/ Parathormone (PTH)  Controls calcium and phosphorous levels. It stimulates the kidneys to metabolize vitamin D into D3 (calcitriol). b. Hypercalcimia  Over production of PTH leading to an increase inblood calcium levels. This depresses the nervous system slowing down its reactions and leading to brain fog. After a long period of time it can cause kidney stones. 6. Thymus  A gland that grows until puberty and then atrophies with age.a. Thymosin  Hormone secreted by the thymus, which increases lymphocytes and stimulates T-Cells to mature. b. T-cells  White blood cells that protect against viruses.7. Adrenal glands  Endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys. Divided into the medulla and cortex. a. Adrenal medulla  The middle of the adrenal gland. Makes and secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. b. Adrenal cortex  The outside of the adrenal gland. Makes 30 hormones using cholesterol. a. Aldosterone  Works very similarly to ADH; helps with water retention, reabsorbing water. Regulates blood pressure. b. Glucocorticoids  Group of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, which are essential for life; help fight stressand infection. i. Cortisol  A glucocorticoid which breaks down fat cells. Chronic stress can lead to weight loss, but temporary stress generally leads to weight gain. c. Testosterone and Estrogen  Mainly produced by reproductive glands, but small amounts released by adrenal cortex. Benin tumors on adrenal glands in females cause hypersecretions of testosterone. Causes masculinization (facial hair), weight gain similar to males (in belly), and reproductive