BIO 240 1st Edition Lecture 30Outline of Last Lecture I. Peripheral Nervous System A. SynapsesB. ReceptorsOutline of Current LectureB. ReceptorsI. Peripheral Nervous SystemA. Cranial Nerves B. Spinal Nerves II. NeurophysiologyA. Electrochemical Equilibrium - Resting Potential B. Anatomy of NeurophysiologyCurrent Lecturea. Adrenergic receptors Stimulated by epinephrine and Norepinephrine.i. Alpha (1 and 2) Found on blood vessels and constrict blood vessels when activated. ii. Beta (1 and 2) Found on heart and bronchioles. 1. Clinical application: Developing drugs that can bind with the receptors. Beta blockers block the beta 1 receptors on the heart. Blocks the attachment of adrenaline to the heart to keep its rhythm more consistent. 2. Beta 2 Found on bronchioles. Adrenaline binds tothe beta 2 receptors and causes constriction of the bronchioles. Can be a problem for people with asthma. Albuterol (in inhalers) mimics adrenaline and binds to the beta 2 receptors to block the adrenergic receptors. I. Peripheral Nervous SystemA. Cranial Nerves (12 pairs)1. 10 pairs enter the brain stem2. 2 pairs enter the cerebrum3. READING ASSIGNMENT – ON BLACKBOARD; CRANIAL NERVESB. Spinal Nerves (31 pairs)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. 8 Pairs that originate in cervical area2. 12 pairs that originate in the thoracic region3. 5 pairs that originate in the lumbar region4. 5 pairs that originate in the sacral area5. 1 pair that originates in the coccyxgeal area 6. Spinal nerve Where the dorsal root and the ventral root merge and lead into the PNS7. Dorsal ramus Where the spinal nerve branches towards the back8. Ventral ramus Where the spinal nerve branches towards the front9. Dorsal root Sensory neurons only10. Ventral root Motor neurons only 11. Rami The initial branching of a spinal nerve carrying both sensory and motor neurons. 12. Ventral plexus A branching network of intersecting nerves. ***We’re much more sensitive on our ventral side than our dorsal side because there’s less nerve innervation on the dorsal aspect. 13. Plexuses:a. Cervical plexus Nerve fibers that come off of C1 to C4b. Brachial Plexus Nerve fibers that come off of C5 to T1***NO thoracic plexusc. Lumbar Plexus Nerve fibers that come off of T 12 to L4d. Sacral Plexus Nerve fibers that come off of L5 to S3e. Coccygeal Plexus Nerve fibers that come off of S4 – coccyx f. READING ASSIGNMENT – Names of nerve and regions it feedsII. NeurophysiologyA. Electrochemical Equilibrium - Resting Potential i. Muscles = -85 mVii. Neurons = -70 mViii. Inside the neurons: low NA, high K, low Ca, low Cl, high PrB. Anatomy of Neurophysiologyi. Presynaptic neuron Neuron before the synapseii. Voltage-Regulated Ca channels Channels for calcium on the presynaptic neuroniii. Synaptic Vesicles Vesicles in the presynaptic neuron holding AcHiv. Postsynaptic neuron Neuron after the synapsev. Synapse or synaptic cleft Gap between two neurons. vi. Axonal hillock Where the axon joins the cell body. If enough sodium ions reach the axonal hillock it will initiate an action potential. vii. Chemically regulated sodium channels Channels for sodium located onthe postsynaptic neuronviii. Voltage Regulated Na channels Alternate along the length of the postsynaptic axon.ix. Voltage Regulated K channels Alternate along the length of the postsynaptic
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