BIO 240 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 9 Vocabulary Chemical level of organization The lowest level of organization Includes atoms and molecules that are essential for life Cellular components level of organization Mostly cell organelles or things you find inside the cell Cell The basic structural and functional unit of life Tissue Groups of similar cell types working for a common function There are four types epithelial connective nervous and muscle Organs Two or more tissue types working for a common function Organ system The highest level of organization two or more organs working together for a common function Metabolism The chemical processes of an organism Responsiveness The ability to respond to stimuli Growth Becoming larger over time Differentiation Cells specializing or changing into another type Integral Plasma Membrane Proteins Proteins embedded across the cell membrane capable of forming channels Allow for cell to cell contact and are not mobile Peripheral Plasma Membrane Proteins Proteins that float from the inside to the outside surface of the cell Often used for transporting substances in and out of the cell Gap Junctions A channel into the cell formed by two integral plasma membrane proteins spanning across one cell Tight junctions Formed by integral plasma membrane proteins that cross two cell membranes These junctions help with cell to cell communication and hold cells in place Demosomes A form of tight junction that has microfilaments for reinforcement Cytosol The thick semitransparent jelly that contains suspended particles in the cell Cytoskeleton Microtubules and microfilaments that help to make cells dynamic and aid in endocytosis and exocytosis Nucleus Control center of the cell that contains DNA Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Organelle involved in lipid metabolism and cell detoxification Rough endoplasmic reticulum Organelle adjacent to the nucleus covered in ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis Ribosomes Small round organelle present in all cells that functions in protein synthesis Golgi apparatus Organelle that specializes proteins Lysosomes Organelle that contains enzymes for breaking down old proteins Mitochondria Organelle that is the power house of the cell makes ATP for energy storage Has mtDNA that is not the same DNA contained within the nucleus it is maternal and does not mutate Centrioles Microtubules used in mitosis and meiosis Simple One single layer thick Pseudostratified Appears to be stratified but in fact each cell reaches the basement membrane and is therefore only one layer thick Stratified Two or more layers thick Transitional Different cell shape that is thin at the bottom and rounded at the top like a pillow giving the tissue the ability to expand Squamous Flattened disc shaped Cuboidal Cube shaped Columnar Taller than it is wide column shaped Polarity Having distal and proximal ends Basement membrane The point of attachment for epithelial and connective tissue Made up of a basal lamina and a reticular lamina Basal lamina Glycoproteins stemming from epithelial tissue in the basement membrane Reticular lamina Glycoproteins stemming from connective tissue in the basement membrane Avascular No blood supply Glands One or more cells that make and secrete a product Endocrine Glands that produce hormones and secrete into the bloodstream by exocytosis they do not use ducts Exocrine Glands that secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities Unicellular gland A gland made up of one cell Simple gland A gland that has a single unbranched duct Compound gland A gland that has at least one branched duct Tubular gland A gland duct that all looks like one tube Acinar or alveolus gland A gland that has a narrower duct connected to a rounder gland Serous gland A gland that secretes water like secretions Mucous gland A gland that secretes mucous made by the combination of mucin the glycoproteins which make mucous sticky and water Cytogenic gland A gland where a whole cell is secreted Merocrine gland Glands that release fluid products by exocytosis Exocrine glands that secrete without losing cellular material Also called an eccrine gland Apocrine gland Glands that secrete a portion of the cell by budding Holocrine glands Glands that when the cell accumulates products then the whole cell disintegrate and the whole contents of the cell are released Hyperplasia Growth my cell multiplication i e mitosis This accounts for most of childhood growth Hypertophy Enlargement of existing cells i e skeletal muscle cells and adipose cells Neoplasia Abnormal growth of nonfunctioning tissue causing a tumor Atrophy The shrinking of tissue through lack of use or aging Necrosis Tissue death due to trauma toxins or infection Embryonic Stem Cells Cells composed of human embryos Totipotent Stem cells that can develop into any type of cell or tissue in the body Have the blueprint to turn into anything Adult Stem cells Stem cells that occur in small number in mature organs throughout life Multipotent Able to develop into two or more different cell lines but not just any body cell type These cells are already much more specialized than embryonic stem cells Unipotent Stem cells that are able to produce only one mature cell type Regeneration The replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before This restores natural function Fibrosis The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue Holds the tissue together but does not restore natural or normal function nerves and blood vessels can be severed so function cannot be restored Fibroblasts Cells that secrete the fibers and give rise to fibrocytes Mast cells Cells that perform an inflammatory response by releasing histamine and heparin Are involved in wound repair Histamine Serves as a warning to your body that something around you is dangerous to your body Heparin Blood thinner Adipocytes Fat cells They serve as an insulator and for nutrient storage Chondroblasts Cells that only occur in cartilage The make the matrix and then turn into chondrocytes Osteoblasts Cells that only occur in bone Make the matrix and turn into osteocytes Arise from osteoprogenitors Macrophages Cells that produce an immune response from monocytes Plasma cells Immune response from B cells that produce antibodies B cells Another type of white blood cell Matrix The ground substance and the fibers Collagen One type of fiber that is big and wide and stand smooth Elastic One type of fiber that stains dark