BIO 240 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9Vocabulary:Chemical level of organization - The lowest level of organization. Includes atoms and molecules that are essential for life.Cellular components level of organization - Mostly cell organelles, or things you find inside the cell.Cell - The basic structural and functional unit of life.Tissue - Groups of similar cell types working for a common function. There are four types: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle.Organs - Two or more tissue types working for a common function.Organ system - The highest level of organization; two or more organs working together for a common functionMetabolism - The chemical processes of an organismResponsiveness - The ability to respond to stimuliGrowth - Becoming larger over timeDifferentiation - Cells specializing or changing into another typeIntegral Plasma Membrane Proteins - Proteins embedded across the cell membrane capable of forming channels. Allow for cell to cell contact and are not mobile.Peripheral Plasma Membrane Proteins - Proteins that float from the inside to the outside surface of the cell. Often used for transporting substances in and out of the cell.Gap Junctions - A channel into the cell formed by two integral plasma membrane proteins spanning across one cell.Tight junctions - Formed by integral plasma membrane proteins that cross two cell membranes. These junctions help with cell to cell communication and hold cells in place.Demosomes - A form of tight junction that has microfilaments for reinforcement.Cytosol - The thick semitransparent jelly that contains suspended particles in the cell.Cytoskeleton - Microtubules and microfilaments that help to make cells dynamic and aid in endocytosis and exocytosis.Nucleus - Control center of the cell that contains DNASmooth endoplasmic reticulum - Organelle involved in lipid metabolism and cell detoxification.Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Organelle adjacent to the nucleus covered in ribosomes and involved in protein synthesis.Ribosomes - Small round organelle present in all cells that functions in protein synthesis.Golgi apparatus - Organelle that specializes proteins.Lysosomes - Organelle that contains enzymes for breaking down old proteins.Mitochondria - Organelle that is the power house of the cell; makes ATP for energy storage. Has mtDNA that is not the same DNA contained within the nucleus; it is maternal and does not mutate.Centrioles - Microtubules used in mitosis and meiosis.Simple - One single layer thickPseudostratified - Appears to be stratified, but in fact each cell reaches the basement membrane and is therefore only one layer thick.Stratified - Two or more layers thickTransitional - Different cell shape that is thin at the bottom and rounded at the top like a pillow, giving the tissue the ability to expand.Squamous - Flattened disc shapedCuboidal - Cube shapedColumnar - Taller than it is wide; column shaped.Polarity - Having distal and proximal endsBasement membrane - The point of attachment for epithelial and connective tissue. Made up ofa basal lamina and a reticular laminaBasal lamina - Glycoproteins stemming from epithelial tissue in the basement membrane.Reticular lamina - Glycoproteins stemming from connective tissue in the basement membrane.Avascular - No blood supplyGlands - One or more cells that make and secrete a productEndocrine - Glands that produce hormones and secrete into the bloodstream by exocytosis; they do not use ducts.Exocrine - Glands that secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities.Unicellular gland - A gland made up of one cell.Simple gland - A gland that has a single unbranched duct.Compound gland - A gland that has at least one branched ductTubular gland - A gland/duct that all looks like one tubeAcinar or alveolus gland - A gland that has a narrower duct connected to a rounder gland.Serous gland - A gland that secretes water like secretions.Mucous gland - A gland that secretes mucous, made by the combination of mucin (the glycoproteins which make mucous sticky) and waterCytogenic gland - A gland where a whole cell is secreted.Merocrine gland - Glands that release fluid products by exocytosis. Exocrine glands that secrete without losing cellular material. Also called an eccrine gland.Apocrine gland - Glands that secrete a portion of the cell by budding.Holocrine glands - Glands that when the cell accumulates products then the whole cell disintegrate and the whole contents of the cell are released.Hyperplasia - Growth my cell multiplication (i.e. mitosis). This accounts for most of childhood growth.Hypertophy - Enlargement of existing cells (i.e. skeletal muscle cells and adipose cells).Neoplasia - Abnormal growth of nonfunctioning tissue, causing a tumor.Atrophy - The shrinking of tissue through lack of use or aging.Necrosis - Tissue death due to trauma, toxins, or infection.Embryonic Stem Cells - Cells composed of human embryos.Totipotent - Stem cells that can develop into any type of cell or tissue in the body. Have the blueprint to turn into anything.Adult Stem cells - Stem cells that occur in small number in mature organs throughout life.Multipotent - Able to develop into two or more different cell lines, but not just any body cell type. These cells are already much more specialized than embryonic stem cells.Unipotent - Stem cells that are able to produce only one mature cell type.Regeneration - The replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before. This restores natural function.Fibrosis - The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue. (Holds the tissue together, but does not restore natural or normal function, nerves and blood vessels can be severed so function cannot be restored.Fibroblasts - Cells that secrete the fibers and give rise to fibrocytesMast cells - Cells that perform an inflammatory response by releasing histamine and heparin. Are involved in wound repairHistamine - Serves as a warning to your body that something around you is dangerous to your body.Heparin - Blood thinnerAdipocytes - Fat cells. They serve as an insulator and for nutrient storage.Chondroblasts - Cells that only occur in cartilage. The make the matrix and then turn into chondrocytes.Osteoblasts - Cells that only occur in bone. Make the matrix and turn into osteocytes. Arise fromosteoprogenitors.Macrophages - Cells that produce an immune response from monocytesPlasma cells - Immune response from B cells that produce antibodies.B cells - Another