BIO 240 1st editionExam # 4 Study Guide Vocabulary - Frontalis/ Epicranius - Raises eyebrows- Occipitalis - Retracts scalp- Galea Aponeurotica - Aponeurosis of scalp connecting frontal is to occipitalis- Temporalis - Elevates and retracts the jaw- Orbicularis Oculi - Closes eye- Zygomaticus - Pulls lips superiorly/posteriorly (smile)- Orbicularis Oris - Puckers lips- Masseter - Clenches jaw- Mentalis - Pouts (lowers lip)- Buccinator - Compresses cheek (whistle, suck)- Corrugator - Frown- Platysema - Tenses skin of neck- Sternocleidomastoid - Flexes/laterally rotates head- Spenius Capitis - Primer mover of the head- Pectoralis Major - push, throw, climb- Serratus - Protracts scapula. Known as the boxer's muscle. Throws punches, brings the scapula forward.- Internal Intercostals - inhalation and forced exhalation- External Intercostals - inhalation- Diaphragm - inhalation- Rectus Abdominis - sit ups/ curls- Transverse abdominis - presses abdominal contents- External obliques - trunk rotation and lateral flexion- Internal obliques - trunk rotation and lateral flexion- Trapezius - Shrugging and slumping- Latissimus dorsi - Prime arm extension- Erector spinae - Prime back extension and lateral flexion- Supraspinatus - minor abduction of the humerus- Infraspinatus - Stabilizes the shoulder- Teres major - Arm swing- Rhomboid major - Retracts scapula (standing at attention)- Deltoid - Prime mover of arm abduction- Biceps brachii - Flexor (primary mover) of the antebrachium- Triceps brachii - Extensor of the antebrachium- Brachioradialis - Synergists to biceps- Anconeus - Synergist to triceps- Pronator teres - Pronation- Pronator quadratus - Pronation- Suppinator - Supination- Iliosoas - Flexion of the hip (picking the knee up)- Gluteus maximus - Extensor of the hip (standing up straight)- Tensor Fasica Lata - Abducts hip (leg out)- Iliotibial band - IT Band. Made of DCT. On the lateral side of the leg, not in one of the three compartments. Antagonistic to groin muscles.- Adductor magnus - Adduction of hip- Adductor longus - Adduction of hip- Adductor brevis - Adduction of hip- Pectineus - Adduction of hip- Gracilis - Weak adductor of hip and weak knee flexor. Crosses both the hip and knee joint. It is long and skinny.- Semimembranosus - Deepest hamstring muscle. Extensor of the hip and flexor of the knee.- Semitendinosus - Extensor of the hip and flexor of the knee.- Biceps femoris - Extensor of the hip and flexor of the knee.- Vastus lateralis - Crosses both the hip and the knee joint. Flexes the hip and extends the knee.- Vastus intermedius - Quadricep that sits under the rectus femoris, deepest quad muscle.Flexes the hip and extends the knee.- Vastus medialis - Flexes the hip and extends the knee.- Rectus femoris - Most superficial quad muscle. Flexes the hip and extends the knee.- Sartorius - Longest muscle in the body. Flexes and abducts, laterally rotates thigh, and flexes the knee (into the cross legged position).- Gastrocnemius - The posterior calf. Plantar flexion of foot- Achilles tendon - Tendon that attaches the gastrocnemius to calcaneus- Tibialis anterior - Dorsiflexion of the foot- Sliding Filament Theory - When actin and myosin side past one another (machinery of contraction).- Actin - Thin filaments- Toponin - A complex of three large proteins attached to tropomyosin on actin molecules.- Tropomyosin - A rod shaped protein that spirals around actin and blocks myosin binding sites.- Myosin - Thick filaments- Myosin heads - Form cross bridges with actin by binding ATP- Crossbridge - Formed by the globular heads of myosin when they attach to actin- Power Stroke - The myosin heads going from a cocked position to a low energy configuration.- Ratcheting - Many power strokes. Process of myosin heads attaching, detaching, and reattaching further back on the actin molecule.- Prime Movers (Agonists) - Causes a specific body movement- Antagonists - Oppose, reverse, or steady a movement of the body.- Synergists - Assist prime movers by adding a little extra force and preventing unwanted movements.- Fixators - Immobilizers of bone, and usually serve as the muslces origin.- Origin - The point of attachment that stays fixed during contraction. The anchor- Insertion - The movable attachment of a muscle.- Action - What the muscle does- Nervous System - The master controlling and communicating system of the body. Nervous cells communicate by electrical or chemical signals.- Integration - Thinking and processing; occurs in the brain.- Sensory - Vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.- Motor - Action. Works hand in hand with integration for movement.- Central Nervous System - The brain and spinal chord.- Peripheral Nervous System - Cranial nerves and spinal nerves (all the nerves of the body)- Cauda Equina - The branching tail at the base of the spinal chord that innervates the lower body.- Afferent Nervous System - Sensory Nervous System- Special senses - Sight, smell, taste, and hearing. They are all accomplished by cranial nerves- Somatosensory - The body's sensory perception. Accomplished by spinal nerves (mostly)and cranial nerves that detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.- Viscerosensory - Spinal nerves that detect touch, pressure, pain and temperature. For example, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and internally.- Efferent Nervous System - Motor Nervous System- Somatic Nervous System - Nervous System under voluntary control.- Autonomic Nervous System - Nervous System under involuntary control- Sympathetic Nervous System - Branch of the ANS that is generally excitatory. Fight or flight.- Parasympathetic Nervous System - Branch of the ANS that is generally inhibitory.- Neurons - The only true cells of the nervous system that can elicit and transmit an impulse.- Unipolar - Neurons that only carry sensory information for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.- Bipolar - Very rare form of neuron. Only carry sensory information for sight, hearing, taste, and smell. Can be found in the retina of the eye.- Multipolar - Type of neuron that is all motor and interneurons. In the PNS are motor andcarry impulses away from the CNS. In the CNS are interneurons, or association neurons, which link the sensory and motor nervous systems.- Soma - Cell body- Dendrites - Shorter processes attached to the soma. Carry sensory information into the cell body.- Axonal hillock - Area where the cell body narrows to go down and meet the axon.- Axon - Long process leading away from the cell body.-