BIO 240 Dr Gilley Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture F Glands I Dermis A Papillary Region B Reticular Region C Hypodermis D Skin Disorders II Axial Skeleton A Skull B Additional Features Outline of Current Lecture I Axial Skeleton A Skull B Hyoid Bone C Ear ossicles D Vertebrae E Rib cage Current Lecture II Axial Skeleton Made up of 80 bones skull hyoid ossicles vertebra and rib cage A Skull 1 Cranial bones 8 a Frontal 1 b Parietal 2 c Temporal 2 d Occipital 1 These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute e Sphenoid 1 f Ethmoid 1 2 Facial bones 14 a Lacrimal 2 b Vomer 1 c Nasal 2 d Palatine 2 e Maxilla 2 f Mandible 1 g Zygoma 2 h Inferior nasal concha 2 3 Additional features a Temporal bone Mastoid process styloid process external auditory meatus i Mastoid sinus infection Can be very serious because they are difficult to treat and has a close proximity to the brain b Sphenoid bone Often called the keystone of the cranium It articulates with every other cranial bone 4 Sutures Interlocking joints where at least 2 cranial bones meet a Coronal suture Where the left and right parietal bones meet the frontal bone b Sagittal suture Where the left and right parietal bones meet superiorly at the cranial midline c Lambdoidal suture Where the left and right parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly d Squamosal suture Where the left and right parietal bones meet the temporal bones on the lateral aspect of the skull B Hyoid Bone 1 The origin for the tongue muscle and the only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone C Ear ossicles 1 Malleus hammer Lateral superficial or 1st ear ossicles 2 Incus anvil Middle or 2nd ear ossicles 3 Stapes stirrup Medial deep or 3rd ear ossicles D Vertebrae 1 Cervical vertebrae 7 C1 C7 C1 is also known as the atlas and C2 is also known at the axis a Diagnostic features of cervical vertebrae Transverse foramen are present this is a feature specific to cervical vertebrae C1 atlas doesn t have a true spinous process and has articular processes to join with the occipital condyles C2 axis has a dens odontoid tooth that 2 3 4 5 6 articulates with the atlas and allows rotation All cervical vertebrae have a bifid spinous process Thoracic vertebrae 12 T1 T12 a Diagnostic features of thoracic vertebrae The spinous process is long and slender and points inferiorly all thoracic vertebrae articulate with ribs Lumbar vertebrae 5 L1 L5 a Diagnostic features of lumbar vertebrae Are very bulky because they support a lot of weight the spinous process is short blunt and hatchet shaped Sacrum 5 fused vertebrae that look like 1 bone a Diagnostic features of the sacrum is 5 fused vertebrae that make a triangular shaped bone with 4 sacral foramina and a sacral crest that runs down the middle Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae that look like 1 bone a Diagnostic features of the coccyx birds beak has no foramina is 4 fused bones Clinical Application Herniated Disc ruptured slipped When the outer disc is ruptured and there is a protrusion of the inner disc This leaves to the nerve being exposed and sending constant pain signals to the brain A percutaneous laser disc decompression can be preformed to stop the pain but the injury is likely to happen a second time because the disc is left weaker E Rib cage 1 True ribs 1 7 Have costal cartilage directly articulating with the sternum 2 False ribs 8 12 Have costal cartilage that indirectly articulates with the sternum a Floating Ribs 11 and 12 Have no cartilage at all
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