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UNCW BIO 240 - Anatomy of the Eye

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BIO 240 1st Edition Lecture 32Outline of Last Lecture II. NeurophysiologyA. Electrochemical Equilibrium - Resting Potential B. Anatomy of NeurophysiologyC. Graded PotentialsD. Action Potential III. VisionA. Anatomy of the eyeOutline of Current LectureIII. Visiona. Anatomy of the eyeb. Photoreceptorsc. Vision problemsCurrent LectureIII. VisionA. Anatomy of the eyei. Choroid  Middle layer of the eye that is highly vascularized with blood vessels. ii. Retina  “Movie screen” where photoreceptors (rods and cones) are. Innermost layer of the eye. iii. Anterior cavity  Front of the cornea to the back of the lens. Contains aqueous humor.1. Anterior chamber  Front of the anterior cavity 2. Posterior chamber  Back of the anterior cavity. iv. Posterior cavity  Back of the lens to the end of the eyeball. Contains vitreous humor. v. Aqueous humor  Clear liquid. vi. Vitreous humor  Jelly like substance. Functions to press on the back of the retina to keep it smooth and without any wrinkles. vii. Optic nerve  Sticks off of posterior aspect of the eye. Receives input from the photoreceptors of the retina. viii. Cornea  The anterior clear covering of the iris and the pupil. Is for protection. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ix. Sclera  The outermost layer of the eye made of fibrous connective tissue. The white part of the eye. x. Ciliary body and Suspensory ligaments  Work together to change the shape of the lens and hold then lens in place. xi. Lens  Biconvex structure that functions to focus images on the retina. xii. Iris  Pigment containing structure of the eye. Gives you your eye color. Only one pigment is found in the eye, it is brown in color and the amount deposited determines eye color. xiii. Pupil  The round opening in the iris that controls light coming into the eye. xiv. Pupillary constrictor  Smooth muscle that helps to control the diameterof the pupil; constricts to decrease the diameter. xv. Pupillary dilator  Contractile epithelial cells, also called myoepithelial cells, contract around the pupil to increase its diameter. xvi. Fovea centralis  Posterior area on the retina that has the highest visual acuity. It is concentrated about the optic disc embedded in the retina. For color vision. There is a very high concentration of cones here. xvii. Optic disc (Blind Spot)  Area just anterior to the optic nerve that contains no photoreceptors. You can’t see anything if an image is projected here. xviii. Panoramic vision  A wide field of view. If a species has really good panoramic vision they tend to loose depth perception. xix. Binocular vision  A limited field of view but excellent depth perception. xx. Tapetum Lucidum  Reflective tissue embedded behind the retina to catch and reflect light back to the retina. Not present in humans, helps with night vision, is what makes the eyes of animals shine at night. B. Photoreceptorsi. Rods  Photoreceptors for dim light and peripheral vision. Images are not sharp. Are located in the peripheral area of the retina, which is why they help with peripheral vision. 1. Rhodopsin  The purple pigment found in rods. ii. Cones  Photoreceptors for bright light vision and provide high visual acuity. For color vision and very sharp focus. Images will be clear, as long as there is enough light. 1. S-cones  Short light wavelengths of light. Used to be called blue cones, they see all the colors with short wavelengths. 2. M-cones  Medium light wavelengths of light. Used to be called green cones, they see all the colors with medium wavelengths.3. L-cones  long light wavelengths of light. Used to be called red cones, they see all the colors with long wavelengths.C. Vision Problemsi. Color blindness  A genetic disorder that is X linked. 8-10% of males have it. Is due to a lack of one or more cone types, most commonly red/green cones. ii. Myopia  Nearsightedness. Distant objects focus in front of the retina, making them appear blurry. A concave structure is used to correct makingthe light reach further. iii. Hyperopia  Farsightedness. Distant objects focus beyond the retina. A convex lens is used to correct, making the light stop shorter. iv. Glaucoma  When pressure within the eye compresses the retina or the optic nerve. It can lead to blindness. v. Cataracts  A hardening or a clouding up of the lens. Leads to foggy vision. Easily treatable with vitamin C; the effects can even be reversible. Age dependent disease. vi. Astigmatism  A condition caused by unequal curvatures in the cornea or the lens. Bends the light causing vision


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UNCW BIO 240 - Anatomy of the Eye

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