BIOM 121 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11 - 18VocabularyAxis of rotation - Relatively stationary axis of a moving bone that passes through the bone in a direction perpendicular to the plane of movement.Degrees of freedom - Number of anatomical planes a joint and move through.Multiaxial joint - A joint that can move through all 3 anatomical planes.Biaxial joint - A joint that can move through 2 of the anatomical planes.Monaxial joint - A joint that can move through 1 of the anatomical planes.Ball-and-socket joints - Shoulder and hip joints. The only multi axial joints of the body. One bonehas a smooth hemispherical head that fits into a cup like socket on the other.Condylar (ellipsoid) joints - Joints with an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a complementary shaped depression on the other. Ex- metacarpophalangeal joints. Are biaxial.Saddle joints - Joints where both bones have a saddle-shaped surface - concave in one direction and convex in the other. Are biaxial. Ex- joint between trapezium and metacarpal I, sternoclavicular joint.Plane (gliding joints) - Joints where the bone surfaces are flat or only slightly concave and convex. The adjacent bones slide over each other and have relatively limited movement. Ex- between carpal bones, tarsal bones, and articular processes of the vertebrae. Are biaxial. One joint moves slightly, but the combined action of the many joints allows for significant movement.Hinge joints - Monaxial; move freely in one plane with very little movement in any other. Ex- elbow, knee. One bone has a convex, but no hemispherical, surface that fits into a concave depression on the other bone.Pivot joints - Monaxial joints where a bone spins on its longitudinal axis. Ex- atlantoaxial joint and radioulnar joint. Head of one bone pivots like a wheel turning on its axle.Zero position - Anatomical positionFlexion - A movement that decreases a joint angle, usually in the sagittal plane. Very common athinge joints. Occur at nearly all diarthroses.Extension - A movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position. Occur at nearly all diarthroses.Hyperextension - Farther extension of a joint beyond the zero position.Abduction - The movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.Adduction - The movement of a body part in the fontal plane back toward the midline of the body.Hyperadduction - Increased adduction over the midline of the body, for example crossing fingers, crossing ankles.Hyperabduction - Increased abduction over the midline of the body, for example raising your arm high enough to cross over your head.Elevation - A movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane.Depression - A movement that lowers a body part in the frontal plane.Protraction - The anterior movement of a body part in the transverse planeRetraction - The posterior movement of a body part in the transverse planeCircumduction - Movement where one ned of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion.Rotation - A movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis.Medial (internal) rotation - The rotation that occurs when you move your forearm medially to touch your stomach while the elbow is bent.Lateral (external) rotation - The rotation that occurs when you move your forearm laterally awayfrom your stomach while the elbow is bent.Supination - Movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upwardpronation - Movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward.Lateral flexion - Tilting the head or trunk to the right or left of the midline.Right/left rotation - Twisting at the waist or turning the head.Lateral excursion - Side-to-side movement of the mandible that goes left and right of the zero position.Medial excursion - Movement of the mandible back to the zero position.Ulnar flexion - Tilting of the hand toward the little finger.Radial flexion - Tilting of the hand towards the thumbRadial abduction - Moving your thumb away from the index finger so that they form a 90 degreeanglePalmar abduction - Moving the thumb away from the plane of the hand so it points anteriorlyOpposition - To move the thumb to approach or touch the tip of any of the other four fingers.Reposition - The return of the thumb to the zero position from opposition.Dorsiflextion - A movement in which the does are elevatedPlantar flexion - Movement of the foot so the toes point downwardInversion - A foot movement that tips the soles mediallyEversion - A foot movement that tips the soles laterallyMastoid sinus infection - An infection of the mastoid process that can be very serious and difficult to treat because of their proximity to the brain.Sphenoid bone - The keystone of the cranium; articulates with every other cranial bone.Sutures - Interlocking joints where at least 2 cranial bones meet.Coronal suture - Suture where the left and right parietal bones meet the frontal bone.Sagittal suture - Suture where the left and right parietal bones meet superiorly at the cranial midline.Lambdoidal suture - Suture where the left and right parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly.Squamosal suture - Suture where the left and right parietal bones meet the temporal bones on the lateral aspect of the skull.Hyoid bone - The origin for the tonge muscle and the only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone.Ear ossicles - Malleus, incus, stapesMalleus - The hammer. Is the most later, superficial, 1st ear ossicle.Incus - The anvil. Is the middle or 2nd ear ossicle.Stapes - The stirrup. Is the medial, deep, or 3rd ear ossicle.Herniated Disc - Also called ruptured or slipped. Occurs when the outer disc is ruptured and there is a protrusion of the inner disc. This leaves the nerve being exposed and sending constraint pain signals to the brain. A percuaneous laser disc decompression can be preformed to stop the pain; but the injury is likely to happen a second time because the disc is left weaker.True Ribs - Ribs 1-7 that have costal cartilage directly articulating with the sternum.False Ribs - Ribs 8-12 that have costal cartilage that indirectly articulates with the sternum.Floating Ribs - Ribs 11-12 that have no cartilage at all.Jugular notch - The very top of the manubriumSternal Angle - Where the manubrium joins the body.Brachium region - True arm, humerus.Antebrachium region - The radius and the ulna.Ture hand bones - Manus, metacarpalsDigits - Fingers,