BIOM 121 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 11 18 Vocabulary Axis of rotation Relatively stationary axis of a moving bone that passes through the bone in a direction perpendicular to the plane of movement Degrees of freedom Number of anatomical planes a joint and move through Multiaxial joint A joint that can move through all 3 anatomical planes Biaxial joint A joint that can move through 2 of the anatomical planes Monaxial joint A joint that can move through 1 of the anatomical planes Ball and socket joints Shoulder and hip joints The only multi axial joints of the body One bone has a smooth hemispherical head that fits into a cup like socket on the other Condylar ellipsoid joints Joints with an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a complementary shaped depression on the other Ex metacarpophalangeal joints Are biaxial Saddle joints Joints where both bones have a saddle shaped surface concave in one direction and convex in the other Are biaxial Ex joint between trapezium and metacarpal I sternoclavicular joint Plane gliding joints Joints where the bone surfaces are flat or only slightly concave and convex The adjacent bones slide over each other and have relatively limited movement Exbetween carpal bones tarsal bones and articular processes of the vertebrae Are biaxial One joint moves slightly but the combined action of the many joints allows for significant movement Hinge joints Monaxial move freely in one plane with very little movement in any other Exelbow knee One bone has a convex but no hemispherical surface that fits into a concave depression on the other bone Pivot joints Monaxial joints where a bone spins on its longitudinal axis Ex atlantoaxial joint and radioulnar joint Head of one bone pivots like a wheel turning on its axle Zero position Anatomical position Flexion A movement that decreases a joint angle usually in the sagittal plane Very common at hinge joints Occur at nearly all diarthroses Extension A movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position Occur at nearly all diarthroses Hyperextension Farther extension of a joint beyond the zero position Abduction The movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body Adduction The movement of a body part in the fontal plane back toward the midline of the body Hyperadduction Increased adduction over the midline of the body for example crossing fingers crossing ankles Hyperabduction Increased abduction over the midline of the body for example raising your arm high enough to cross over your head Elevation A movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane Depression A movement that lowers a body part in the frontal plane Protraction The anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane Retraction The posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane Circumduction Movement where one ned of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion Rotation A movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis Medial internal rotation The rotation that occurs when you move your forearm medially to touch your stomach while the elbow is bent Lateral external rotation The rotation that occurs when you move your forearm laterally away from your stomach while the elbow is bent Supination Movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward pronation Movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward Lateral flexion Tilting the head or trunk to the right or left of the midline Right left rotation Twisting at the waist or turning the head Lateral excursion Side to side movement of the mandible that goes left and right of the zero position Medial excursion Movement of the mandible back to the zero position Ulnar flexion Tilting of the hand toward the little finger Radial flexion Tilting of the hand towards the thumb Radial abduction Moving your thumb away from the index finger so that they form a 90 degree angle Palmar abduction Moving the thumb away from the plane of the hand so it points anteriorly Opposition To move the thumb to approach or touch the tip of any of the other four fingers Reposition The return of the thumb to the zero position from opposition Dorsiflextion A movement in which the does are elevated Plantar flexion Movement of the foot so the toes point downward Inversion A foot movement that tips the soles medially Eversion A foot movement that tips the soles laterally Mastoid sinus infection An infection of the mastoid process that can be very serious and difficult to treat because of their proximity to the brain Sphenoid bone The keystone of the cranium articulates with every other cranial bone Sutures Interlocking joints where at least 2 cranial bones meet Coronal suture Suture where the left and right parietal bones meet the frontal bone Sagittal suture Suture where the left and right parietal bones meet superiorly at the cranial midline Lambdoidal suture Suture where the left and right parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly Squamosal suture Suture where the left and right parietal bones meet the temporal bones on the lateral aspect of the skull Hyoid bone The origin for the tonge muscle and the only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone Ear ossicles Malleus incus stapes Malleus The hammer Is the most later superficial 1st ear ossicle Incus The anvil Is the middle or 2nd ear ossicle Stapes The stirrup Is the medial deep or 3rd ear ossicle Herniated Disc Also called ruptured or slipped Occurs when the outer disc is ruptured and there is a protrusion of the inner disc This leaves the nerve being exposed and sending constraint pain signals to the brain A percuaneous laser disc decompression can be preformed to stop the pain but the injury is likely to happen a second time because the disc is left weaker True Ribs Ribs 1 7 that have costal cartilage directly articulating with the sternum False Ribs Ribs 8 12 that have costal cartilage that indirectly articulates with the sternum Floating Ribs Ribs 11 12 that have no cartilage at all Jugular notch The very top of the manubrium Sternal Angle Where the manubrium joins the body Brachium region True arm humerus Antebrachium region The radius and the ulna Ture hand bones Manus metacarpals Digits Fingers phalanges Pollex Thumb Femoral region Femer Crural region Knee to the ankle the tibia and fibula Tarsus True foot bones metatarsals Hallux Big toe Humerus Articulates with the