BIO 240 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 19 28 Vocabulary Frontalis Epicranius Raises eyebrows Occipitalis Retracts scalp GaleaAponeurotica Aponeurosis of scalp connecting frontal is to occipitalis Temporalis Elevates and retracts the jaw Orbicularis Oculi Closes eye Zygomaticus Pulls lips superiorly posteriorly smile Orbicularis Oris Puckers lips Masseter Clenches jaw Mentalis Pouts lowers lip Buccinator Compresses cheek whistle suck Corrugator Frown Platysema Tenses skin of neck Sternocleidomastoid Flexes laterally rotates head SpeniusCapitis Primer mover of the head Pectoralis Major push throw climb Serratus Protracts scapula Known as the boxer s muscle Throws punches brings the scapula forward Internal Intercostals inhalation and forced exhalation External Intercostals inhalation Diaphragm inhalation Rectus Abdominis sit ups curls Transverse abdominis presses abdominal contents External obliques trunk rotation and lateral flexion Internal obliques trunk rotation and lateral flexion Trapezius Shrugging and slumping Latissimusdorsi Prime arm extension Erector spinae Prime back extension and lateral flexion Supraspinatus minor abduction of the humerus Infraspinatus Stabilizes the shoulder Teres major Arm swing Rhomboid major Retracts scapula standing at attention Deltoid Prime mover of arm abduction Biceps brachii Flexor primary mover of the antebrachium Triceptsbrachii Extensor of the antebrachium Brachioradialis Synergists to biceps Anconeus Synergist to triceps Pronator teres Pronation Pronator quadratus Pronation Suppinator Supination Iliosoas Flexion of the hip picking the knee up Gluteus maximus Extensor of the hip standing up straight Tensor FasicaLata Abducts hip leg out Iliotibial band IT Band Made of DCT On the lateral side of the leg not in one of the three compartments Antagonistic to groin muscles Adductor magnus Adduction of hip Adductor longus Adduction of hip Adductor brevis Adduction of hip Pectineus Adduction of hip Gracilis Weak adductor of hip and weak knee flexor Crosses both the hip and knee joint It is long and skinny Semimembranosus Deepest hamstring muscle Extensor of the hip and flexor of the knee Semitendinosus Extensor of the hip and flexor of the knee Biceps femoris Extensor of the hip and flexor of the knee Vastuslateralis Crosses both the hip and the knee joint Flexes the hip and extends the knee Vastusintermedius Quadricep that sits under the rectus femoris deepest quad muscle Flexes the hip and extends the knee Vastusmedialis Flexes the hip and extends the knee Rectus femoris Most superficial quad muscle Flexes the hip and extends the knee Sartorius Longest muscle in the body Flexes and abducts laterally rotates thigh and flexes the knee into the cross legged position Gastrocnemius The posterior calf Plantar flexion of foot Achilles tendon Tendon that attaches the gastrocnemius to calcaneus Tibialis anterior Dorsiflexion of the foot Sliding Filament Theory When actin and myosin side past one another machinery of contraction Actin Thin filaments Toponin A complex of three large proteins attached to tropomyosin on actin molecules Tropomyosin A rod shaped protein that spirals around actin and blocks myosin binding sites Myosin Thick filaments Myosin heads Form cross bridges with actin by binding ATP Crossbridge Formed by the globular heads of myosin when they attach to actin Power Stroke The myosin heads going from a cocked position to a low energy configuration Ratcheting Many power strokes Process of myosin heads attaching detaching and reattaching further back on the actin molecule Prime Movers Agonists Causes a specific body movement Antagonists Oppose reverse or steady a movement of the body Synergists Assist prime movers by adding a little extra force and preventing unwanted movements Fixators Immobilizers of bone and usually serve as the muslces origin Origin The point of attachment that stays fixed during contraction The anchor Insertion The movable attachment of a muscle Action What the muscle does Nervous System The master controlling and communicating system of the body Nervous cells communicate by electrical or chemical signals Integration Thinking and processing occurs in the brain Sensory Vision hearing taste smell and touch Motor Action Works hand in hand with integration for movement Central Nervous System The brain and spinal chord Peripheral Nervous System Cranial nerves and spinal nerves all the nerves of the body CaudaEquina The branching tail at the base of the spinal chord that innervates the lower body Afferent Nervous System Sensory Nervous System Special senses Sight small taste and hearing They are all accomplished by cranial nerves Somatosensory The body s sensory perception Accomplished by spinal nerves mostly and cranial nerves that detect touch pressure pain and temperature Viscerosensory Spinal nerves that detect touch pressure pain and temperature For example cardiac muscle smooth muscle and internally Efferent Nervous System Motor Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Nervous System under voluntary control Autonomic Nervous System Nervous System under involuntary control Sympathetic Nervous System Branch of the ANS that is generally excitatory Fight or flight Parasympathetic Nervous System Branch of the ANS that is generally inhibitory Neurons The only true cells of the nervous system that can elicit and transmit an impulse Unipolar Neurons that only carry sensory information for touch pressure pain and temperature Bipolar Very rare form of neuron Only carry sensory information for sight hearing taste and smell Can be found in the retina of the eye Multipolar Type of neuron that is all motor and interneurons In the PNS are motor and carry impulses away from the CNS In the CNS are interneurons or association neurons which link the sensory and motor nervous systems Soma Cell body Dendrites Shorter processes attached to the soma Carry sensory information into the cell body Axonal hillock Area where the cell body narrows to go down and meet the axon Axon Long process leading away from the cell body Axonal terminals The feet at the very end of the axonal branches Also referred to as synaptic knobs where they plug into the neuromuscular junction Schwann Cells Supporting cells in the PNS that cover part of the axon in myelin to speed up conduction Myelinate and wrap around neural processes in the PNS It takes many to myelinate a single neuron Neuroglia Glial Cells that support protect and provide nutrients for the