BIO 240 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last LectureC. Functions D. Loose and Dense Connective Tissue TypesE. Specialized Connective Tissue Outline of Current Lecture E. Specialized Connective Tissue i. Cartilageii. Boneiii. BloodI. Membranes Current LectureE. Specialized Connective Tissuei. Cartilage1. Characteristicsa. Semi-solid to solid matrixb. Not very vascularizedc. Has Chondroblasts (cells that make the cartilage and then mature into chondrocytes when their done secreting the matrix. They’re chondrocytes when they have backed themselves into a hole and are completely surrounded by matrix).i. Lacuna  The open space in the matrix that houses the chondrocyte.2. Typesa. Hyaline cartilageThe most abundant. Commonly called gristle. Found in the nose, larynx, tracheal rings, articular cartilage, and costal cartilage. b. Elastic cartilageIs rubbery and pliable, the main fiber is elastin. It is found in the external ear and epiglottis. c. Fibrocartilage Compilation of dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage. It’s main fiber is collagen and its found between your vertebrae in you intervertebral discs, in your meniscus, and public symphysis. The main job of fibrocartilage is shock absorption; found in places in the body that have to bear weight.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. Bone1. Characteristicsa. The matrix is solid. It is a compilation of calcium and phosphorous salts. Fibers are mainly collagen, which gives a lot of support but is still a little bit flexible. b. Very well vascularized. c. Cell types: i. Osteoprogenitor  The precursors to osteoblastsii. Osteoblasts  come from osteoprogenitorsiii. Osteocytes mature bone cells, come from osteoblastsiv. Osteoclasts  come from white blood cells. Function to break bone down in order to supply thebody with calcium.2. Types:*Every bone in the body is made up of both compact and spongy bone. a. Compact:i. Osteons  The fundamental unit of compact bone.Also called a haversian system. ii. Lamella The bone matrix rings. iii. Lacuna  The little cavities containing the osteocytes. iv. Central canal  Also called a haversian canal. Is essentially a big hole in the center of the osteon that supports larger arteries, veins, and nerves running through the bone; there is normally one of each in each central canal. v. Volksman Canal  Transverse canals through the osteon with smaller blood vessels and nerves. These canals run perpendicular to the central canal.vi. Canaliculli  Microscopic canals for oxygen and nutrient exchange between osteocytes. b. Spongy: *Is at the end of all long bones.i. Trabeculae  The fundamental unit of spongy bone. Also called spicules.*Looking at one arm of the trabeculae, all of the anatomy of compact bones can be applied. iii. Blood1. Characteristicsa. Matrix is fluid or liquid. The matrix is made fluid by the plasma, which is 90% water along with some plasma proteins and blood cells. b. Cell-types:i. Erythrocytes Red blood cells. They are the most numerous cells in the blood; a single drop of blood has millions of erythrocytes. Are enucleated, and their function is oxygen and carbon dioxide delivery. Red blood cells are sexually dimorphic; males have more red blood cells. ii. Leukocytes  White blood cells. They are all nucleated and there are 5 types of white blood cells (some of these categories have subspecialized types). The 5 types ordered from most to least numerous:1. Neutrophils  Bacteria fighters. 2. Lymphocytes  Can specialize into B and T cells; they are specialized into fighting viruses. 3. Monocytes  Largest in size of all WBCs, can turn into macrophages – are not specialized just get rid of anything in the way through phagocytosis. 4. Eosinophils  Releases antihistamine. Also attack parasitic worms. 5. Basophils  Releases histamine.*Mnemonic device to remember cell types from most to least numerous:*Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananasiii. Platelets  Formally called thrombocytes; functionin blood clotting. I. Membranes  The smallest organs by complexity.A. 4 types of membranes in the body1. Serous membranes  Secretes serous fluids to reduce friction a. Pericardium  Membrane surrounding the heartb. Pleura  Membrane surrounding the lungs. c. Peritoneum  Lines the abdominopelvic cavity2. Mucous membrane  Secretes mucus and lines structures that open to the outside.3. Synovial membrane Secretes synovial fluid and lines synovial joints. 4. Cutaneous membrane 