PSYC 307 1st Edition Study Guide 3 Development of Emotions and Temperament Ch 10 I Emotional Development a Definition of Emotion feeling of affect or arousal and the response that you give i Discrete approach born with basic emotions 1 Facial vocal body physiological ii Functional approach maintain status quo or work toward a goal II First Appearance of Basic Emotions a Happiness smile social smile laugh b Anger general distress anger c Sadness d Fear stranger anxiety temperament separation anxiety III Complex Self Conscious Emotions a Shame embarrassment guilt envy pride requires sense of self IV Emotional Self Regulation a Development from infancy to adolescence b Requires effortful control c Coping strategies i Problem centered coping used when situation is seen as changeable ii Emotion centered coping used if problem centered does not work V Identifying Emotions of Others a Development by age b Sympathy and empathy i Sympathy feeling of concern or sorrow for another s plight ii Empathy feeling same or similar emotions as another person c Understanding causes of emotions i Display rules when and when not to display emotions VI Perspectives a Functionalist approach i Functions of emotions cognition social health VII Development of Temperament a Definition differences in emotional reactivity that emerge early in life i Emotional responsiveness b Infant temperament i Thomas and Chess ii Rothbart c Defining personality temperament emotional behavioral ways of interacting with environment way of thinking about the world experiences intelligence Attachment to Others I Attachment a Definition an emotional bond with a specific person that endures across space and time strong and enduring affectionate ties b Theories i Psychoanalytic Freud Erikson ii Learning Harlow iii Ethological Bowlby Ainsworth c Attachment categories i Secure ii Insecure resistant iii Insecure avoidant iv Disorganized disoriented II Causes of secure and insecure attachment a Caregiving hypothesis Ainsworth i Moms of securely and insecurely attached infants differ in responsiveness b Temperament hypothesis Kagan c Goodness of Fit Model d Cultural variations III Factors affecting attachment security a Opportunity interaction and contact b Quality of caregiving c Infant characteristics d Family circumstances e Parent s internal working models i Father as attachment figures working mothers Self and Social Concept Ch 11 I The Concept of Self a Conceptual system made up of one s thoughts and attitudes about oneself i Can include thoughts b The two self s i The I private self ii The me public self c Theories of development of self concept i Social learning ii Psychoanalytic iii Constructivist iv Nativist II Development of self concept a Self recognition i Rouge experiments b Categorical self c Psychological self how people conceptualize themselves III Theory of Mind a Well organized understanding of how the mind works and how it influences behavior i People have minds and their own understanding of how the world should operate b Testing the smarties task IV Self Esteem a How you evaluate yourself judgments about yourself and your self worth b Development i Related to how other s view you ii Achievement related attributions 1 Mastery oriented 2 Learned helplessness V Identity in Adolescence a Begin to develop sense of personal identity that incorporates numerous aspects of self i Erikson ii Marcia s Categories The Family Ch 14 I Parents and socialization a Direct instructors b Indirect socializers c Providers and controllers of opportunity II Parenting styles a Degree of parental warmth support acceptance b Degree of parental control and demandingness c Baumrind s parenting styles i Authoritative parenting demanding supportive ii Authoritarian parenting demanding unsupportive iii Permissive parenting undemanding supportive iv Disengaged parenting undemanding unsupportive d Factors affecting parenting style i How THEY were raised ii Characteristics of their children iii SES iv Ethnicity III Sibling Relationships a First born b Birth of a sibling c Role of siblings d Sibling relationships IV Divorce and Remarriage a Divorce i Impact on children depends on 1 Age of children 2 Severity of parental conflict 3 Amount of time and quality experience 4 Sex of child b Remarriage stepfamilies i Age is a big factor in how they accept new families Peer Relationships Ch 15 I Play a Types i Nonsocial play ii Parallel play iii Social interaction b Play categories i Functional play ii Make believe play iii Constructive play iv Games with rules II Friendships a Intimate reciprocated positive relationships between people b Functions i Source of emotional support and security ii Support of friends particularly important during transitional periods iii Serve as a buffer against unpleasant experiences c Types of peer groups i Clique small group of individuals that are similar in interests and attitudes ii Crowd groups of smaller cliques share a common interest d Structure of groups i Leader has skills characteristics that the group values III Popularity and rejection a Popular i Everyone likes them viewed mainly positively b Rejected i Viewed mainly negatively others do not want to be around them c Controversial you either love them or hate them d Average e Neglected IV Factors a Keys to popularity social skill b Reasons for rejection difficulty interpreting others behavior Moral Development Ch 12 I Theories of Moral Development a Biological social learning cognitive development b Kohlberg i Preconventional conventional unconventional ii What motivates behavior is externally influenced driven motivated iii Theory of moral judgment 1 Stage theories universal applies equally to all cultures and societies c Carol Gilligan i Gender differences in moral development II Prosocial behavior a Altruism showing behaviors that will benefit someone else b Moral core theory moral sense evolved to sustain collective action and cooperation i Moral goodness empathize with others from the beginning ii Moral understanding and evaluation iii Retribution consequences for people that behave differently c Karen Wynn helper vs hinderer preference i Rests on intention behind action theory of mind d Hamlin social evaluation of older infants i Extends to actions of others extends to second person extends to food choice e Acting in prosocial ways i Age differences more sharing helping willing to sacrifice with age III Antisocial behavior a Aggression harming someone
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