PSYC 307 1st Edition Lecture 18 Overview of Previous Lecture Emotion and temperament o Stability of Temperament o Personality Attachment o Attachment o Attachment Categories Overview of Current Lecture Attachment o Causes of secure and insecure attachment o Factors affecting secure attachment o Other Issues o Quality of attachment in later development o Basis of long term effects Self and Social Understanding o The Concept of Self o Theories of Development of Self Concept o Development of Self Concept Attachment I Causes of Secure and Insecure Attachment a Caregiving hypothesis Ainsworth i Moms of securely and insecurely attached infants differ in responsiveness 1 Securely attached parents mothers who are in tune to their baby recognize needs respond more physical interaction warm caring 2 Resistant moms respond to babies but are not well in tune to what babies are asking inconsistent responsiveness no synchrony in interactions 3 Avoidant caretakers unengaged unresponsive babies disregard caretaker a Or extremely overbearing parents always there always in their face b Temperament hypothesis Kagan i Evidence 1 Easy 60 difficult 10 15 slow to respond 15 25 2 Secure 60 70 resistant 10 avoidant 20 a Are temperament and attachment a connected construct i Similar numbers in corresponding categories b May not be the same kids c Responsiveness of parents is a better predictor than temperament but temperament still plays a role c Goodness of Fit Model i Temperament 1 Often measured by parent evaluation of their own children 2 How the temperament of the kid matches the temperament of the adult d Cultural variations in attachment i US European African countries have similar distribution 1 Most secure more avoidant than resistant ii Japan Middle East 1 Most secure more resistant than avoidant 2 New different experiences than they experience in everyday life a Strange Situation II Factors that Affect Attachment Security a Opportunity for attachment interaction and contact i 1970s infants and dads had 2 7 interactions per day ii 2000s babies and dads spend average of 4 hours together per day iii Those in foster homes or orphanages develop attachment relationships with each other in absence of adults b Quality of caregiving i Sensitive caregiving caregiver recognizes what child is asking for ii Interactional synchrony back and forth relationship responding c Infant characteristics i Fearfulness anxiety distress distrust can lead to problems developing secure d Family circumstances i Dynamic attachment is not a onetime thing ii Changes in family environment can disrupt secure attachment e Parents internal working models III Other Issues a Father as attachment figures i Infants attach to dads ii Dads may lay more versatile role 1 Women remain nuture caregivers dad plays role as authority and playmate a Even if stay at home dad 2 Men may be more flexible in roles can become nurturer while mom s often have harder time becoming playmate a Dads play physically gross motor skills moms play turn taking games read books etc b Working mothers i Many variables effect quality of attachment 1 Single mom low SES a Children at higher risk than other kids for developing poor attachment i Work demand ability to provide 2 Age of infant a Infants that go to full time daycare before age 1 can be more susceptible to insecure attachment 3 Quality of daycare a Caretaker to child state mandated ratio physical environment space communication with parents continuity 4 Attitude of parents a Toward job toward daycare toward home life b Positive day care experiences but with negative home lives can still help child develop secure attachment IV Quality of Attachment in Later Development a Internal Working Model of Attachment i Overall effect on functioning b Securely vs insecurely attached i 2 years better problem solvers better playmates ii 3 5 years more socially and intellectually competent iii 6 years iv Adulthood security of attachment can influence romantic relationships 1 Retrospective data how did you perceive your relationship with your parents 2 Secure relationship with parents can lead to good relationships with romantic partners V Basis of Long Term Effects a Direct effect of good parents remain good parents i Develop attachment relationships and parenting styles that facilitate social competence b Combination of early attachment status and quality of subsequent parenting Concept of the Self I The Concept of Self a Conceptual system made up on one s thoughts and attitudes about oneself b Conceptions about the self can include thoughts i Physical being or characteristics ii Social roles and relationships iii spiritual or internal characteristics c The two selfs William James i The I private self 1 who you are understanding that you can have an impact your interaction with the world 2 Develops early ii The me public self 1 How other people view you II Theories of Development of Self Concept a Social learning i The looking glass self Cooley and Mead ii Social interactions b Psychoanalytic i Separation and individuation 1 Development of autonomy 1 3 years c Constructivist Piaget i Through interaction with world we construct our sense of self d Nativist i Early sense of self from the beginning ii I before me III Development of Self Concept a Self recognition i Rouge experiments 1 Put rouge lipstick on nose sit them in front of mirror a If they recognize that it is themselves they will touch their nose to get it off if they don t recognize it as them they will touch the mirror b 18 month old was able to recognize herself 2 Ages a 9 months don t recognize themselves don t recognize reflective properties of mirror b 9 15 months don t recognize themselves but do recognize reflective properties c 15 18 months babies begin to show evidence that they recognize themselves in the mirror touch the nose d 18 months good recognition of themselves b Categorical Self i Developmental changes 1 Age gender young people and old people boys and girls a 18 months kids begin to recognize that there are categories b 6 months recognize and understand that they fit into a category that will remain 2 Ethnicity race a 3 5 years kids begin to recognize that there are differences b 10 12 years categories are stable do not change you are in one
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