18 AND UNDER Distractions May Shift but Sleep Needs Don t z http www nytimes com 2009 03 10 health 10klas html em 1 3 26 2009 Can We Increase Our Intelligence z 3 26 2009 http judson blogs nytimes com 2009 03 10 guest column can weincrease our intelligence scp 3 sq olivia 20judson st cse 2 Generational Changes The Flynn Effect 3 3 26 2009 Flynn Effect z The Flynn effect is the rise of average Intelligence Quotient IQ test scores over the generations an effect seen in most parts of the world although at greatly varying rates It is named after James R Flynn who did much to document it and promote awareness of its implications z 3 26 2009 This increase has been continuous and roughly linear from the earliest days of testing to the present Test scores are certainly going up all over the world but whether intelligence itself has risen remains controversial psychologist Ulric Neisser wrote in an article in 1997 in The American Scientist 4 Below Intelligence Norms Mental Retardation z Public Law 94 142 the Education for All Handicapped Children Act Least restrictive environment Mainstreaming Full inclusion 5 3 26 2009 Benefits of Mainstreaming z 3 26 2009 Ensure that all persons regardless of ability or disability have access to full range of educational opportunities and fair share of life s rewards 6 How is mental retardation identified z American Association on Mental Retardation definition Familial retardation FAS Down Syndrome z Levels Mild Moderate Severe Profound 7 3 26 2009 Above Intelligence Norms z Gifted Federal government guideline P L 97 35 Sec 582 z 3 26 2009 Research suggests that highly intelligent people tend to be outgoing well adjusted and popular 8 Educating Gifted and Talented Children Acceleration z Enrichment z 9 3 26 2009 Chapter 4 Middle Childhood Module 4 3 Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood 3 26 2009 10 Looking Ahead z z z z z z In what ways do children s views of themselves change during middle childhood Why is self esteem important during these years How does children s sense of right and wrong change as children age What sorts of relationships and friendships are typical of middle childhood How do gender and ethnicity affect friendships How do today s diverse family and care arrangements affect children 3 26 2009 11 THE DEVELOPING SELF 3 26 2009 12 Who Am I z During middle childhood children begin to view themselves Less in terms of external physical attributes More in terms of psychological traits 13 3 26 2009 Erik Erikson s conception of middle childhood Encompasses the INDUSTRY VERSUS INFERIORITY STAGE z 3 26 2009 14 3 26 2009 15 3 26 2009 16 Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood Industry Versus Inferiority z Industry feelings of mastery and proficiency and a growing sense of competence z Inferiority feelings of failure and inadequacy 17 3 26 2009 Erik Erikson s conception of middle childhood Encompasses the INDUSTRY VERSUS INFERIORITY STAGE z z z Period from ages 6 to 12 years of age Characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges related to Parents Peers School Other complexities of the modern world 3 26 2009 18 How do school agers change z Children realize they are good at some things and not so good at others z Self concept and self esteem continue to develop 19 3 26 2009 SELF ESTEEM Develops in important ways during middle childhood z Children increasingly compare themselves to others z Children are developing their own standards 3 26 2009 20 Moral Development z z According to Piaget older children consider the intentions of the individual believe that rules are subject to change are aware that punishment does not always follow wrongdoing Based on Piaget Kohlberg proposed six stages of moral development which he believed are universal 21 3 26 2009 The Kohlberg Stages z Based on Piaget Kohlberg proposed three levels six stages of moral development that he believed are universal Preconventional reasoning z children interpret good and bad in terms of external rewards and punishments Conventional reasoning z individuals apply certain standards but they are the standards set by others such as parents or the government Postconventional reasoning z 3 26 2009 individuals recognize alternative moral courses explore the options and then decide on a personal moral code 22 23 3 26 2009 Kohlberg s Critics z z Key criticisms involve link between moral thought and moral behavior roles of culture and the family in moral development significance of concern for others Kohlberg s theory misses or misconstrues some moral concepts in particular cultures Lapsley 2006 Lapsley Narvaez 2006 Smetana 2006 Turiel 2006 Walker 2006 Miller 2006 Shweder others 2006 Wainryb 2006 3 26 2009 24 RELATIONSHIPS BUILDING FRIENDSHIP IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD 25 3 26 2009 Friends in Middle Childhood z z z z z 3 26 2009 Provide emotional support and help kids to handle stress Teach children how to manage and control their emotions Teach about communication with others Foster intellectual growth Allow children to practice relationship skills 26 Damon s Stages of Friendship Stage 1 ages 4 7 years z z z Children see friends as like themselves Children see friends as people to share toys and activities with Children do not take into account personal traits 27 3 26 2009 Damon s Stages of Friendship Stage 2 ages 8 10 years z z z 3 26 2009 Children now begin to take other s personal qualities and traits into consideration Friends are viewed in terms of kinds of rewards they provide Friendships are based on mutual trust 28 Damon s Stages of Friendship Stage 3 ages 11 15 years z z Friendships become based on intimacy and loyalty Friendships involve mutual disclosure and exclusivity 29 3 26 2009 King or Queen of the Hill Status Hierarchies z Children s friendships show clear hierarchies in terms of STATUS z STATUS is the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group 3 26 2009 30 What Personal Characteristics Lead to Popularity 31 3 26 2009 Popular Children Helpful and cooperative z Good sense of humor z Good emotional understanding z Ask for help when necessary z Not overly reliant on others z Adaptive to social situations z Social problem solving skill competence z 3 26 2009 32 But Although generally popular children are friendly open and cooperative one subset of popular boys displays an array of negative behaviors including being aggressive disruptive and causing trouble Despite these behaviors they may be viewed as
View Full Document
Unlocking...