A bit more re health Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood 1 2 7 2008 2 2 7 2008 Closer to home Parental Smoking World Health Issues Nearly one fourth are exposed to tobacco smoke in the home z Children exposed to smoke are more likely to develop wheezing symptoms and asthma than children in non smoking homes z Also have significantly lower levels of vitamin C in their blood than their counterparts in non smoking homes z Many deaths could be prevented by a reduction in poverty and improvements in nutrition sanitation education and health services z Dramatic increase in the number of young children who have died because of HIV AIDS transmitted to them by their parents z these deaths occur in countries with high rates of poverty and low levels of education Bhutta others 2005 Kalichman others 2005 Arshad 2005 Preston others 2003 3 2 7 2008 Socioeconomic Status z Piaget s Stages 4 in all z Poor health status of many young children from low income families in the United States Qualitative transformations in this balance Sensorimotor 0 2 Preoperational 2 6 Concrete Operational 6 12 Formal Operations 12 19 Many do not have adequate medical insurance and receive less adequate medical care compared with children living in higher socioeconomic conditions z 4 2 7 2008 Approximately 11 million preschool children are malnourished and have lowered resistance to diseases Howell Pettit Kingsley 2005 Ramey Ramey Lanzi 2006 Olson Tang Newacheck 2005 2 7 2008 Developmental Psychology 5 2 7 2008 6 1 Cognitive Development z Preoperational Stage Piaget s Preoperational Stage z from approximately 2 to 7 years of age children begin to represent the world with words images and drawings form stable concepts and begin to reason dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs Child does not yet perform operations which are reversible mental actions 1 Egocentrism 2 Confusion of Appearance with Reality 3 Non logical reasoning 7 2 7 2008 Three major limitations 8 2 7 2008 Theory of Mind 3 Mountain Task Awareness of one s own mental processes and the mental processes of others z Studies view the child as a thinker who is trying to explain predict and understand people s thoughts feelings and utterances z Children s theory of mind changes as they develop through childhood z Harris 2006 Flavell Miller Miller 2002 9 2 7 2008 Theory of Mind z Theory of Mind Beyond age 5 Not until middle and late childhood do children see the mind as an active constructor of knowledge or processing center z Then they can move from understanding that beliefs can be false to realizing that the same event can be open to multiple interpretations z Age 2 3 children begin to understand three mental states perceptions emotions desires z Age 4 5 they come to understand that the mind can represent objects and events accurately or inaccurately Flavell Green Flavell 2000 Carpendale Chandler 1996 they realize that people can have false beliefs beliefs that are not true 2 7 2008 Developmental Psychology 10 2 7 2008 11 2 7 2008 12 2 Appearance Reality Distinction Difficulty telling difference between how things seem and how things are z Example z Maynard the cat studies DeVries 1969 13 2 7 2008 14 2 7 2008 Non logical Reasoning Non logical Reasoning z z Precausal Thinking or Intuitive Reasoning z z Can t reason cause and effect 2 7 2008 15 16 Preoperational Thought Intuitive Thought Substage Between ages of 2 and 4 Child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present z Egocentrism inability to distinguish between one s own perspective and someone else s perspective z Animism the belief that inanimate objects have life like qualities and are capable of action z Between approximately 4 and 7 years of age z Begin to use primitive reasoning and ask all sorts of questions z Questions signal the emergence of interest in reasoning and in figuring out why things are the way they are z Intuitive because children seem sure about their knowledge and understanding z z Gelman Opfer 2004 Developmental Psychology E g I haven t had a nap so it isn t afternoon E g There are no cemetaries in NYC so people don t die there 2 7 2008 Preoperational Thought Symbolic Function Substage 2 7 2008 Reasoning from one particular to another 17 2 7 2008 18 3 Centration and Limits of Preoperational Thought z Another limitation of preoperational thought is centration centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others centration is most clearly evidenced in young children s lack of conservation z Lack of conservation lack of awareness that altering an object s or substance s appearance does not change its basic properties 19 2 7 2008 Non logical Reasoning z 20 2 7 2008 Language and Thought z Failure of Conservation According to Vygotsky 1962 children use speech not only for social communication but also to help them solve tasks children use language to plan guide and monitor their behavior language for self regulation is called private speech for Piaget private speech is egocentric and immature for Vygotsky it is an important tool of thought during the early childhood years John Steiner 2007 Wertsch 2007 21 2 7 2008 2 7 2008 22 2 7 2008 24 Comparing Piaget s and Vygotsky s Theories z z Vygotsky s emphasis on the importance of inner speech in development The main implication of Vygotsky s theory for teaching is that students need many opportunities to learn with a teacher and more skilled peers 2 7 2008 Developmental Psychology z Piaget s view that such speech is immature z Implication of Piaget s theory for teaching is that children need support to explore their world and discover knowledge 23 4 Evaluation of Piaget Kids want to know why you re asking such stupid questions Evaluating Vygotsky Critics say Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking z Emphasis on collaboration and guidance has potential pitfalls z Facilitators might be too helpful Some children might become lazy and expect help when they might have done something on their own 2 7 2008 Developmental Psychology 25 2 7 2008 26 5
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