Infancy Sensation Perception Learning Lecture 4 Overview Quick Reflex overview Sensory and Perceptual Development How to Study Infant Perception Methods Hearing Vision Smell Taste Touch Intermodal Perception Cognitive Development Piaget s Theories Learning Memory and Conceptualization Language Development 1 Reflex Stimulation Response Development al Pattern Blinking light flash air puff close eyes permanent Babinski stroke sole fans out toes twists foot in disappears Grasping palms touched disappears Moro startle sudden noise Rooting cheek stroked grasps arches back throws back head flings out arms legs then closes them close to body turns head opens mouth begins sucking Stepping infant held so feet touch ground moves feet as walking disappears Sucking object touching mouth sucks disappears Swimming Tonic Neck infant s face in water infant on back coordinated swimming motions makes fists turns head to right disappears disappears disappears disappears Infants Sensory Perceptual Capacities 2 a process of learning where individual reacts with less less intensity to a repeatedly capabilities presented stimulus eventually responding only faintly not at all Methods for Assessment Unlocking the secrets of babies sensory Autonomic NS Heart rate CNS neurological anatomy single cell intercellular Respiration physiology aggregated cortical electrical activation central function Behavioral Kicking Head turning Sucking patterns Looking Violation of Expectation Visual Preference Habituation Dishabituation Visual Preference experimente r Principles used Discrimination Gaze duration Habituation visual stimuli baby Useful with babies days old 3 Habituation Dishabituation Can use variety of stimuli types Concept use baby s ability to discriminate to infer learning perception Habituation baby s response will increase when perceives new stimuli Dishabituation recovery in responses infant can discriminate between old and new stimuli High Amplitude Sucking Infant sucking brings about noise Learn that when bored habituated of noise stop sucking Experimenter changes sound baby becomes interested dishabituates 4 Behavioral Eye Tracking Technology Track perceptual development Object tracking Gaze patterns Neural development Vision Development is immature 20 200 20 800 1 mo pattern perceptio n 2 mos as early as 2 3 wks color form from motion perception 3 mos Problems with assessing color perception luminance lightness or brightness adult acuity full adult acuity 6 mos 6 yrs 5 newborn 8 weeks 4 weeks 3 mos 6 mos Vision How babies see their worlds 3D spatial dimension depth produced by fusion of 2 separate images contributed by each eye each of which Perception reflects the stimulus from a slightly different angle 3 5 months Depth Stereoscopic vision an apparatus that tests an infant s depth perception by using patterned materials an elevated clear glass Visual cliff video platform to make it appear that one side of the platform is Gibson Walk 1960 several feet lower than the other Gibson Walk 1960 6 in face processing occurs over the first year general to specific Vision Face Perception Is face perception innate or driven by experience Specialization Infants pref face like patterns over others Dannemiller Parts or wholes recognizes mom mom s face v another woman attend to eyes days after birth 2 mos pref organized facial features 3 mos equally good at human other species face discriminatio n diff distinguishing faces of other species 6 mos 9 mos high frequency sensitivity matures first changes in ear structure system Hearing Babies are good nervous listeners maturation experience infants on higher side of freq thresholds v adults infants discrimination between tones 2x larger than adults why 7 Hearing Music Perception infant preference consonance dissonance rhythm preferences perception of melodies Newborns can detect differences Smell Taste Touch in taste Infants sense of smell is well developed at birth make appropriate facial expressions when exposed to different odors can discriminate their mother s smell from other women S m ell Ta ste To uc h Newborns make facial expressions when exposed to different tastes what the mother eats while pregnant and nursing can influence infants taste preferences Touch may be one of the first senses to develop Newborns experience pain and are actually more sensitive than older infants measured by stress reactions By 1 year infants can discriminate among objects by using touch alone Shape 8 Intermodal Perception Intermodal perception the use of sensory information from more than one modality To identify a stimulus To re identify known stimulus in new modality Intermodal transfer Smooth and knobby pacifiers touch vision Bouncing objects hearing vision Cognitive Development 9 Piaget Examined both correct incorrect responses to tasks Aided Binet in creating the first IQ test Noticed common mistakes among age groups Noticed systematic differences among older younger children Schemas infants create behavioral schemes physical activities toddlers create cognitive schemes mental activititeS Stages are Cognitive Equilibration equilibrium disequilibrium label diagrams below lesser accommodat e assimilate accommodat e assimilate greater 4 Major Stages 1 Sensorimotor 2 Pre operational 3 Concrete Operations 4 Formal Operations 10 Piagetian Sensorimotor Stages 6 substages born with little capacities and limited exploratory abilities Thru trial error infant generates new experience due to their movements try to repeat those experiences strengthens into scheme Play Imitation important Reflexive Schemes 1 Circular Reaction s 2 Circular Reaction s Coordinatio n of 2 Circular Reactions 3 Circular Reaction s Mental Representatio n 0 1 mo 1 4 mos 4 8 mos 8 12 mos 12 18 mos 18 24 mos Piagetian Sensorimotor Stages Reflexive Schemes reflexes generate initial sensorimotor schemes building blocks 1 Circular Reactions infant gains simple motor control play imitation begin practice movements Reflexive Schemes 1 Circular Reaction s 2 Circular Reaction s Coordinatio n of 2 Circular Reactions 3 Circular Reaction s Mental Representatio n 0 1 mo 1 4 mos 4 8 mos 8 12 mos 12 18 mos 18 24 mos 11 2 Circular Reactions responses that produce reactions from other people objects Object concept Object permanence Partially hidden object retrieval Reflexive Schemes 1 Circular Reaction s 2 Circular Reaction s Coordinatio n of 2 Circular Reactions 3 Circular Reaction s Mental Representatio n 0 1 mo 1 4 mos 4 8 mos
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