EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION IN MODULES David MyersIntroduction to the History and Science of PsychologySlide 3Slide 4Psychological Science is BornSlide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Psychological Science DevelopsSlide 11Contemporary PsychologyPsychology’s Three Main Levels of AnalysisPsychology’s Current PerspectivesSlide 15Slide 16Psychology’s Subfields: Basic ResearchPsychology’s Subfields: Applied ResearchClinical Psychology vs. PsychiatryTips for Studying PsychologySlide 21EXPLORINGPSYCHOLOGYEIGHTH EDITION IN MODULESDavid MyersPowerPoint SlidesAneeq AhmadHenderson State UniversityWorth Publishers, © 2011Introduction to the History andScience of PsychologyThe History and Scope of PsychologyModule 1Psychology’s RootsPsychological Science is BornContemporary PsychologyPsychology’s Biggest QuestionPsychology’s Three Main Levels of AnalysisPsychology’s SubfieldsTips for Studying PsychologyPsychological Science is BornWundt and psychology’s first graduate students studied the “atoms of the mind” by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. This work is considered the birth of psychology as we know it today.Wundt (1832-1920)Psychological Science is BornAmerican philosopher William James wrote an important 1890 psychology textbook. Mary Calkins, James’s student, became the APA’s first female president.James (1842-1910)Mary CalkinsPsychological Science is BornSigmund Freud, an Austrian physician, and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.Freud (1856-1939)Psychological Science is BornPsychology originated in many disciplines and countries. It was, until the 1920s, defined as the science of mental life.Psychological Science is BornBehavioristsWatson and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology. Watson (1878-1958)Skinner (1904-1990)Psychological Science DevelopsHumanistic PsychologyMaslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance. Maslow (1908-1970)Rogers (1902-1987)http://facultyweb.cortland.eduhttp://www.carlrogers.dkPsychological Science is BornWe define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings).Contemporary Psychology1. Psychology’s Biggest Question2. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis3. Psychology’s Subfields4. CLOSE-UP: Tips for Studying PsychologyPsychology’s Three Main Levels of AnalysisPsychology’s Current PerspectivesPerspective Focus Sample QuestionsNeuroscience How the body and brain enables emotions?How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes?How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?Behavior genetics How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences?To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment?Psychology’s Current PerspectivesPerspective Focus Sample QuestionsPsychodynamic How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts?How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas?Behavioral How we learn observable responses?How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking?Psychology’s Current PerspectivesPerspective Focus Sample QuestionsCognitive How we encode, process, store and retrieve information?How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving?Social-cultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?Psychology’s Subfields: Basic ResearchPsychologist What she doesBiologicalExplore the links between brain and mind.DevelopmentalStudy changing abilities from womb to tomb.CognitiveStudy how we perceive, think, and solve problems.PersonalityInvestigate our persistent traits.SocialExplore how we view and affect one another.Psychology’s Subfields: Applied ResearchPsychologist What she doesClinicalStudies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disordersCounselingHelps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges.EducationalStudies and helps individuals in school and educational settingsIndustrial/OrganizationalStudies and advises on behavior in the workplace.Clinical Psychology vs. PsychiatryA clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients.Tips for Studying Psychology Your study of psychology can help teach you how to ask and answer important questions.People learn and remember best when they put material in their own words, rehearse it, and then review and rehearse it again.The SQ3R study method incorporates these principles (Robinson, 1970). SQ3R is an acronym for its five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.Tips for Studying
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