IntelligenceIntelligenceAlfred BinetLewis Terman of Stanford UniversityWhat is an IQ?Factor AnalysisRobert Sternberg -Three aspects of IntelligenceCreativity - SternbergHoward GardnerMental RetardationTest ConstructionEmotional Intelligence - GardnerAssessing IntelligenceTest ConstructionHow well do aptitude tests predict success?Genetics and EnvironmentGenetic Influences on IQEnvironmental Influences on IQEducationEthnic Similarities and DifferencesGender Similarities and DifferencesWhat about math?What about emotion?BiasIntelligenceModule 24IntelligenceIncludes:•capacity to learn from experience•ability to solve problems•capacity to reason clearlyRobert Sternberg, 1997, “[intelligence is]...the mental abilities needed to select, adapt to, and shape environments.”Alfred Binet•commissioned in 1904, by the French government to study the problem of determining children’s intelligence.•collaborated with Theodore Simon•set out to measure mental age, a chronological age typical of a child’s performance at a certain level•was successful in creating a series of questions to discern intellectLewis Terman of Stanford University•revised Binet’s intelligence test•adapted some of the original and added others•established new age norms•extended the upper range from teenagers to “superior adults”•called it the Stanford-BinetWhat is an IQ?It’s an idea developed by German psychologist William SternIQ = ___mental age_____ X 100chronological ageAverage IQ score = 100Thus, if a 8 year old child tests with a mental age of 10, her IQ would be 125.Factor AnalysisThis is a way of identifying clusters of test items that measure a common ability.Examples: verbal, spatial, reasoning, social, leadership abilityRobert Sternberg -Three aspects of Intelligence1. Analytical = academic problem-solving, a single right answer2. Creative = novel ideas, reacting to novel situations3. Practical = required for everyday tasks, need multiple solutionsCreativity - Sternberg“The ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable.”Five components of creativity:1. Expertise –base of knowledge2. Imaginative thinking skills – ability to see things in a new way.3. Venturesome personality – tolerance for ambiguity and risk4. Intrinsic motivation – internally motivated5. Creative environment - supportHoward Gardner•intelligence comes in different “packages”•accounts for the savant syndrome (low score on IQ tests, high ability, even brilliance, in one area).•we have multiple intelligencesMental RetardationLevel Typical Intelligence ScoresPercentage of Persons w/RetardationAdaptation to Demands of LifeMild 50-70 85%up to 6th grade academic, some social and vocationalModerate 35-49 10%2nd grade, sheltered workshopsSevere 20-30 3-4%talk, simple work tasks, but not self-supportingProfound Below 20 1-2%Require constant aid and supervisionTest ConstructionTerminology:Standardization – comparing scores to a pretested, representative groupReliability – test-retest constancyValidity – the test must measure what it says it will measureContent validity – measuring the specific pertinent behaviorEmotional Intelligence - Gardner“The ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions.”Self awareness empathyDelay gratification handle othersSelf-controlAssessing Intelligence•WAIS – Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale•WISC – Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children•Created by David Wechsler•Gives a Verbal and Performance score, great differences between the two may indicate a learning disability or other problem/Test Construction•Criterion – what the test is designed to predict•Predictive validity - the test’s ability to predict future achievement (also called criterion-related validity)How well do aptitude tests predict success?•They are highly predictive in the early grades, but not as we get older.•The best predictor of future grades is past grades!! •The best predictor of future behavior is past behavior.Genetics and EnvironmentGenetic Influences on IQ•Identical twins have almost identical IQ scores - raised apart or together.•The gene on chromosome 6, is found in about 2/3 of children with very high IQ scores.•Smarter mice have been produced by injecting an extra gene into fertilized eggs.•Adopted children resemble their adopted parents less and less with age.Environmental Influences on IQ•Fraternal twins score more alike than other siblings.•Genes and environment interact to shape the brain.•Severe disadvantage deeply harms children.•Programs like Head-Start have immediate positive effects that are reduced over time.Education•Education and intelligence enhance each other.•It pays off in increased earnings later in life.•IQ scores rise during the school year and fall during the summer.Ethnic Similarities and Differences•In the U.S. there is a gap in average IQ scores between whites, blacks, and Hispanics.•Other countries also have IQ score differences among different ethnic populations.•Differences may be due to the environment.Gender Similarities and Differences•No overall difference in gender IQ scores•Girls are better spellers.•Girls are more verbally fluent.•Boys are more often in special education.•Boys talk later, stutter more, have difficulty with reading more often.•In high school, boys underachieve more often then girls by a 2:1 ratio.What about math?•In math grades the typical girl equals or surpasses the average boy.•Females have the edge in computation.•Males have the edge in problem solving.•Males can quickly rotate 3D objects in their minds.•More western males score at the top, but females score equally in the east.•Exposure to male hormones increases spatial ability.What about emotion?•Women are better “emotion detectors” than men•Myers speculates that because women need to read the emotions of their infants and would-be lovers, they have developed more empathy.Bias•IQ tests are biased in the sense that they detect genetic differences and cultural, environmental factors.•Gender and racial bias are also factors in teaching and testing.•Sometimes IQ tests are wrongly used to